This study presents a flexible nanofibrous humidity sensor for wearable applications and smart textiles. The methodology involved fabricating polyurethane (PU) nanofibers via electrospinning, followed by polyaniline (PANi) coating under varied synthesis conditions. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis revealed consistent diameter uniformity in the prepared PU nanofibers. Moreover, an increase in average nanofiber diameter (305 to 539 nm) was observed with rising polymer solution concentration (7% to 9%). Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) confirmed the physical presence of PANi on PU nanofiber surfaces without inducing structural changes. Additionally, the strength of PU nanofibrous samples, with or without PANi coating, increased proportionally with higher PANi and PU polymer concentrations. Electrical conductivity was measured using a four-point device, and surface resistance was assessed across varying humidity levels to study humidity's impact on samples. Results exhibited a linear relationship between surface electrical resistance and relative humidity changes. Furthermore, the PU and PU/PANi nanofibers exhibit contact angles of 113° and 133°, respectively. The PANi-coated sample is more hydrophobic compared to the uncoated sample. In conclusion, these findings underscore the potential of the developed sensor as a responsive tool for monitoring humidity fluctuations in diverse applications.
ISSN: 1402-4896
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Mehran Afrashi et al 2024 Phys. Scr. 99 065016
Yi Yang et al 2024 Phys. Scr. 99 065301
Energy transmission and dissipation during HVC lead to the uneven pressing force of the powder in the die cavity, which ultimately affects the densification and mechanical properties of powder metallurgy products. This study used the discrete element method (DEM) to monitor the energy transmission and dissipation of the powder system during HVC, investigate the relationship between the dissipation of kinetic energy and the impact energy during the loading stage, and consider the relationship between the strain energy release rate and the impact energy during the unloading stage. The results show that the boundary energy (impact energy) is mainly converted into strain, frictional, and damping energy, of which the kinetic energy is only an intermediate form and its attenuation equation is also obtained. The larger the porosity of the particle system is, the larger the dissipation factor β is, and the more serious the energy dissipation is. It can be found that the release rate of the strain energy gradually decreases with increasing impact energy, and the strain energy is significantly higher than the frictional energy in the green compacts.
Abdelkader Hidki et al 2024 Phys. Scr. 99 065109
In the two microwave (MW) cross-shaped cavity magnon system, we describe a method to produce multipartite entanglement and quantum steering. To achieve squeezed states of the magnons, a Josephson parametric amplifier (JPA) creates a squeezed vacuum field that drives the two cavities. We theoretically demonstrate that the cavity-cavity entanglement can be generated at the resonance point, however, increasing the cavity and magnon decay rates generate the cavity-magnon entanglement. By changing the squeezing parameter and increasing the decay rates, we can transfer the cavity-cavity entanglement to cavity-magnon entanglement. Furthermore, the cavity-cavity entanglement (survive up to 2.8 K) was not only found to be much stronger but also more robust as compared to cavity-magnon entanglement (survive up to 0.4 K). More importantly, the genuine photon-magnon-photon tripartite entanglement could be achieved, which is robust against thermal fluctuations and depends strongly on the squeezing parameter. Furthermore, for the current dual cavity-magnon system, two-way quantum steering is found when the optomagnonical couplings are equal. The current study offers a straightforward and practical method for achieving multipartite quantum correlations.
Kishore Kumar Venkatesan and Sathiyan Samikannu 2024 Phys. Scr. 99 062005
The incredible characteristics of nanomaterial and the benefits of optical fiber may be coupled to provide an exciting new platform for sensing applications. In recent years, there has been significant development and documentation of numerous gas and humidity sensors utilizing optical fiber based on 2D nanomaterials. This review primarily examines the most recent implementations in fiber optic gas and humidity sensing through 2D nanomaterials. With the help of nanomaterial, researchers may be able to fine-tune sensor parameters like thickness, roughness, specific area, refractive index, etc. This could make it possible for sensors to respond faster or to be more sensitive than standard sensors. Optical sensors are a family of devices that use different types of light interactions (i.e., photon-atom) to sense, analyze, and measure molecules for various purposes. Optical sensors are capable of detecting light, often within a narrow band of the electromagnetic spectrum (ultraviolet, visible, and infrared). A fiber optic sensor is an optical device that transforms the physical state of the object being measured into a quantifiable optical signal. Based on the photoelectric effect, the sensor detects light's wavelength, frequency, or polarisation and transforms it into an electric signal. This review describes the state-of-the-art research in this rapidly evolving sector, impacting sensor type, structure, synthesis, deposition process, detection range, sensitivity, response & recovery time, and application of 2D materials. Lastly, the problems that are currently in the way of using 2D materials in sensor applications are talked about, as well as what the future might hold.
Salwan Hasan AlHumairee et al 2024 Phys. Scr. 99 065934
Blend polymer matrix composite material are becoming more and more popular due to their promising mechanical properties. In this research, blend polymer mixture was make from epoxy resin (EP) blended with different weight percentages of polysulfide rubber (PSR) (0, 3, 6, 10, 15, and 20%). Then tensile, impact, bending strength and damping ratio were evaluated to get the high quality of mechanical properties for the blend matrix. Due to the requirements to enhance the mechanical properties of this blend; a various weight fraction of carbide silica (SiC) nanoparticle was used as a reinforcement in the ratios of (0, 1, 3, and 5%) by weight to the best ratio of the blended matrix. Tensile, impact, bending and damping ratio tests were also conducted to get the best mechanical properties for the blend materials. Experimental results for the blend matrix showed that adding polysulfide rubber to epoxy resin resulted in a decrease in Young's modulus, tensile strength, and bending strength; however damping ratio and the impact strength increased. It is found that the weight fraction of 6% of PSR is the Better case, which gave the better mechanical characteristics properties for mixture. Utility of this mixture; it has intermediates between flexible properties of a mixture at the highest rate of PSR and brittle mechanical properties for EP resin. Mechanical and damping properties showed an increasing when the carbide silica (SiC) with a weight fraction of 3% added, then it decreased slightly.
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Kishore Kumar Venkatesan and Sathiyan Samikannu 2024 Phys. Scr. 99 062005
The incredible characteristics of nanomaterial and the benefits of optical fiber may be coupled to provide an exciting new platform for sensing applications. In recent years, there has been significant development and documentation of numerous gas and humidity sensors utilizing optical fiber based on 2D nanomaterials. This review primarily examines the most recent implementations in fiber optic gas and humidity sensing through 2D nanomaterials. With the help of nanomaterial, researchers may be able to fine-tune sensor parameters like thickness, roughness, specific area, refractive index, etc. This could make it possible for sensors to respond faster or to be more sensitive than standard sensors. Optical sensors are a family of devices that use different types of light interactions (i.e., photon-atom) to sense, analyze, and measure molecules for various purposes. Optical sensors are capable of detecting light, often within a narrow band of the electromagnetic spectrum (ultraviolet, visible, and infrared). A fiber optic sensor is an optical device that transforms the physical state of the object being measured into a quantifiable optical signal. Based on the photoelectric effect, the sensor detects light's wavelength, frequency, or polarisation and transforms it into an electric signal. This review describes the state-of-the-art research in this rapidly evolving sector, impacting sensor type, structure, synthesis, deposition process, detection range, sensitivity, response & recovery time, and application of 2D materials. Lastly, the problems that are currently in the way of using 2D materials in sensor applications are talked about, as well as what the future might hold.
Chithiika Ruby V and Lakshmanan M 2024 Phys. Scr. 99 062004
Liénard-type nonlinear oscillators with linear and nonlinear damping terms exhibit diverse dynamical behavior in both the classical and quantum regimes. In this paper, we consider examples of various one-dimensional Liénard type-I and type-II oscillators. The associated Euler–Lagrange equations are divided into groups based on the characteristics of the damping and forcing terms. The Liénard type-I oscillators often display localized solutions, isochronous and non-isochronous oscillations and are also precisely solvable in quantum mechanics in general, where the ordering parameters play an important role. These include Mathews-Lakshmanan and Higgs oscillators. However, the classical solutions of some of the nonlinear oscillators are expressed in terms of elliptic functions and have been found to be quasi-exactly solvable in the quantum region. The three-dimensional generalizations of these classical systems add more degrees of freedom, which show complex dynamics. Their quantum equivalents are also explored in this article. The isotonic generalizations of the non-isochronous nonlinear oscillators have also been solved both classically and quantum mechanically to advance the studies. The modified Emden equation categorized as Liénard type-II exhibits isochronous oscillations at the classical level. This property makes it a valuable tool for studying the underlying nonlinear dynamics. The study on the quantum counterpart of the system provides a deeper understanding of the behavior in the quantum realm as a typical -symmetric system.
Dennis Bonatsos et al 2024 Phys. Scr. 99 062003
Prolate to oblate shape transitions have been predicted in an analytic way in the framework of the Interacting Boson Model (IBM), determining O(6) as the symmetry at the critical point. Parameter-independent predictions for prolate to oblate transitions in various regions on the nuclear chart have been made in the framework of the proxy-SU(3) and pseudo-SU(3) symmetries, corroborated by recent non-relativistic and relativistic mean field calculations along series of nuclear isotopes, with parameters fixed throughout, as well as by shell model calculations taking advantage of the quasi-SU(3) symmetry. Experimental evidence for regions of prolate to oblate shape transitions is in agreement with regions in which nuclei bearing the O(6) dynamical symmetry of the IBM have been identified, lying below major shell closures. In addition, gradual oblate to prolate transitions are seen when crossing major nuclear shell closures, in analogy to experimental observations in alkali clusters.
Raghavendra Garlapally et al 2024 Phys. Scr. 99 062002
The present summarized study focused on Anodically fabricated TiO2 nanotubes array shows an exceptional physical and chemical properties due to their high surface area as well as thickness near to nano scale regimes. Crystallization of an amorphous TiO2 nanotube plays an important role when it comes to applications point of view. Studies revealed that a change in the annealing process resulted in an enhancement in their structure and properties. In this review, we mainly focus on various annealing techniques, their advantages and drawbacks over the other methods. Additionally, we have reported the effect of morphology and crystal structure of different annealed anodically grown TiO2 nanotubes. Therefore, the anodized TiO2 nanotubes array review will not only have applications in water splitting, hydrogen generation, solar cells but also a suitable potential candidate in the immense applications as micro/nano needles for drug delivery in biomedical as well as different electronic device/sensing approaches in aerospace sectors as well.
Mohd Shakir Khan et al 2024 Phys. Scr. 99 062001
Efficient energy storage strategies have become a major priority in the last few years. Transition metal sulphides are popularly known as attractive electrode materials or supercapacitors due to their high theoretical capacitance, excellent electrical conductivity, and favourable redox properties. Through compositional and structural engineering, some transition metal sulphides like Mn, V, Co, Fe, Cu, Ni, Mo, Zn, W, and Sn have shown substantial improvements in electrochemical performance. Composite engineering and morphological control are two of the key strategies employed to improve the TMS electrode's electrochemical performance. Excellent electrochemical TMSs address the issues of slow kinetics, poor stability, and large volume expansions. This study reveal optimised TMSs potential to transform supercapacitor applications and provides viable approaches to conquer current hurdles to shape the forthcoming century's high-performance and low-cost energy storage technology. The effects of composite engineering and morphological control on the ultimate electrochemical performance of the electrode materials are the primary focus of this investigation. Challenges to the further advancement of transition metal sulphide-based electrode materials are also explored in this article. Critical approaches to resolving significant issues in our current understanding of the kinetic and mechanistic perspectives of charge storage processes, i.e., slow kinetics, poor stability, and volume expansions, are also highlighted. Ultimately, future potentials, challenges, and possible solutions to tackle these problems are broadly discussed.
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Rashidinia et al
This article presents a study on Fractional Anomalous Diffusion (FAD) and proposes a novel numerical algorithm for solving Cupoto's type fractional sub-diffusion equations. to convert the fractional model into a set of nonlinear algebraic equations. These equations are efficiently solved using the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm. The study provides the error analysis to validate the proposed method. The effectiveness and accuracy of the method are demonstrated through several test problems, and its performance and reliability are compared with other existing methods in the literature. The results indicate that the proposed method is a reliable and efficient technique for solving fractional sub-diffusion equations, with better accuracy and computational efficiency than other existing methods. The study's findings have important implications for researchers working in the field of fractional calculus. They could provide a valuable tool for solving sub-diffusion equations in various applications, including physics, chemistry, biology, and engineering.
Johari et al
Thermoplastic polypropylene (PP) has garnered a significant attention in power cable insulation research because of its exceptional thermal tolerance and dielectric properties. Due to its poor impact strength at room temperature, PP has been blended with various elastomers, including ethylene-propylene-diene monomer (EPDM), to improve the mechanical stiffness of the final material. This, however, comes with compromised dielectric properties of the material. Recently, the addition of nanofillers to polymers has demonstrated promising properties that can be tailored for various dielectric applications, provided that nanofiller and polymer interactions are appropriately formulated. Nevertheless, the effect of nanostructuration in PP/elastomer blends, especially from the perspective of dielectrics, have yet to be systematically explored. In the current work, magnesia (MgO) nanofiller is added to a model PP/EPDM blend system to determine the effect of MgO on the breakdown properties of PP/EPDM. The results show that adding 0.5 wt% of MgO to PP/EPDM reduces the AC and DC breakdown strengths by 7% and 16%, respectively. As the amount of MgO increases to 3 wt%, the AC and DC breakdown strength reduces further by 25% and 29%, respectively. Significantly, appropriate modification of the nanocomposites with polypropylene-graft-maleic anhydride (PP-g-MAH) can result in 5% higher breakdown strength of the nanocomposites with respect to comparable nanocomposites without modification. The mechanisms surrounding these breakdown effects are discussed with the aid of materials structure interpretations. Overall, the results demonstrate that appropriate modification of nanocomposites with PP-g-MAH is crucial in tailoring breakdown properties of PP blend nanocomposites.
Tran et al
The double exchange model with the spin-orbit coupling is studied by the dynamical mean field theory. It reveals a competition between the magnetic, charge orderings and the non-trivial topology of the ground state. The spin exchange tends to maintain the magnetic ordering, and at the same time it tries to suppress the charge ordering. The spin-orbit coupling maintains nontrivial topology of the ground state, whereas the magnetic ordering tries to destroy it. As a result, a rich phase diagram is obtained. The competition leads to a half topological ground state, where spin-up electrons form a nontrivial topological state, while spin-down electrons are in the topological trivial insulating state.
Das et al
This research tackles a critical knowledge gap in Rayleigh surface wave propagation. It offers a comprehensive analysis that surpasses previous limitations. A size-dependent micropolar medium with unique void distributions and thermal effects is considered in this work. The constitutive relations and equations of motion for a nonlocal micropolar thermoelastic medium with double voids (MTMWDV) have been established by using Eringen's nonlocal elasticity theory. Employing the three-phase-lag thermoelasticity theory (TPLTE), the study utilizes a wave-mode method to derive analytical solutions for Rayleigh waves in a nonlocal MTMWDV. To gain a comprehensive understanding of wave behavior, we solve the characteristic equation and analyze its roots, applying a filter based on the surface wave decay condition. A medium with stress-free and isothermal boundaries is explored through computational simulations to determine the attenuation coefficient and phase velocity. Furthermore, particle motion analysis is conducted to complement the analytical and computational approaches. Moreover, the influence of the nonlocal parameter and various thermoelastic models on these wave phenomena is investigated. The validity of the current mathematical model is confirmed through the derivation of particular scenarios.
Ouahid
In this paper, we use the generalized exponential rational function approach (GERFA) for constructing new solitary wave solutions for the fractional Kraenkel Manna Merle (FKMM) model, which is saturated ferromagnetic materials (MF) with a field outside that has very little conductivity, reflects the nonlinear of an ultrashort pulse. The fractional performance of the proposed model is assessed using the beta-derivative. As a result, this investigation demonstrates the efficacy and simplicity of the offered strategy. Some of the revealed solutions' 3D graphs are also employed in the numerical simulations. The findings show that the model theoretically has extraordinarily rich soliton structures.
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Yong Wang et al 2024 Phys. Scr. 99 065604
Cascaded arc plasma has been widely applied in linear plasma devices (LPDs) to produce high flux plasma for the study of plasma-material interaction. In this work, cascaded arc He plasma produced in an LPD with a compact arrangement is investigated by voltammetry and optical emission spectroscopy (OES). The results show that the cathode potential increases with the discharge current while it firstly decreases and then increases as increasing the gas flow rate. A local reverse electric field is observed at low gas flow rates between two cascaded plates (i.e. floating electrodes) near the cathode. The OES' results reveal that as the gas flow rate increases, the intensity of He I lines increases and the electron excitation temperature (Texc) decreases. As increasing the discharge current, the intensity of He lines exhibits various trends at different gas flow rates, showing a monotonic decline at 1.94 slm and a first increase followed by a reduction at 3.52 slm. The Texc increases with the discharge current. These findings could preliminarily shed light on the properties of cascaded arc of He plasma in the compact LPD and aid in the optimization of the device to generate the high-flux divertor-relevant plasma.
Y B Ateş and E Olğar 2024 Phys. Scr. 99 065405
The effect of isotropic velocity-dependent potentials on the bound state energy eigenvalues of the Kratzer, Mie and Hulthen potentials is obtained for any quantum states in the presence of constant form factor The corresponding energy eigenvalues and eigenfunctions are determined and tabulated for a set of finite quantum numbers n and l in the framework of the well-known Nikiforov-Uvarov method.
Shubin Yan et al 2024 Phys. Scr.
In this study, a nanoscale refractive index sensor structure is proposed, which is realised using a metal-insulator-metal (MIM) waveguide and a grooved circular ring with double disk cavity (GRDD) structure coupled to each other. The finite element method (FEM) was used to analyze and investigate the effects of the variations of each structural parameter on the transmittance spectra and the comprehensive performance of the sensor. Based on the simulation results, the optimum sensitivity parameter of the sensor structure is 2800 nm/RIU with a figure of merit (FOM) value of 51.9 RIU-1. The sensor structure is capable of being used in biomedical field with sensitivities of 3.895 nm/gL^(-1), 4.870 nm/gL^(-1), and 4.955 nm/gL^(-1), respectively, for detecting hemoglobin of blood types A, B, and O, and 4.48 nm/gL^(-1), for detecting glucose concentration.
Basanta Kumar Das et al 2024 Phys. Scr. 99 065923
The absorption process of deuterium in titanium was studied in titanium film produced in two different types of copper substrate, one was a polished copper substrate and the other one was chemically etched copper substrate. Titanium film was produced by thermal evaporation method. It was activated at a temperature of 500 °C followed by deuteration at room temperature. Titanium film was characterized by XRD for crystallographic information, SEM for surface morphology, RGA for deuterium desorption studies and weight measurement for D/Ti ratio. The difference in porosity of both the samples is confirmed from XRD analysis and SEM images. Different diffusion process is observed in two different substrates from the RGA spectra. Presence of multiple trap sites in the thin film of both the substrates is observed from the RGA spectra. From the weight measurement, D/Ti ratio in polished substrate is found to be 1.03 whereas in case of chemically etched substrate it is 1.54.
H P Freund and P G O'Shea 2024 Phys. Scr. 99 065512
Terawatt x-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) represent the frontier in further development of x-ray sources and require high current densities with strong transverse focusing. In this paper, we investigate the implications/potentialities of TW XFELs on the generation of harmonics at still shorter wavelengths and higher photon energies. The simulations indicate that significant power levels are possible at high harmonics of the XFEL resonance and that these XFELs can be an important coherent source of hard x-rays through the gamma ray spectrum. For this purpose, we use the MINERVA simulation code which self-consistently includes harmonic generation. Both helical and planar undulators are discussed in which the fundamental is at 1.5 Å and study the associated harmonic generation. While tapered undulators are needed to reach TW powers at the fundamental, the taper does not enhance the harmonics because the taper must start before saturation of the fundamental, while the harmonics saturate before this point is reached. Nevertheless, the harmonics reach substantial powers. Simulations indicate that, for the parameters under consideration, peak powers of the order of 180 MW are possible at the fifth harmonic with a photon energy of about 41 keV and still high harmonics may also be generated at substantial powers. Such high harmonic powers are certain to enable a host of enhanced applications.
Asifa Ashraf et al 2024 Phys. Scr. 99 065011
This work mainly focuses on unveiling the particle dynamics features of black holes. For this objective, we utilize the charged black hole geometry consisting of the cloud strings and quintessence under the ansatz of Rastall gravity. We have calculated and analyzed the effective potential, angular momentum, particle energy, horizon radius, inner stable circular orbit, photon sphere radius, quasi-periodic oscillations, and effective force to reveal the dynamical features. We in detail discussed the effects of charge in black hole, Rastall parameter, strings of cloud parameter, and quintessential parameter on the calculated results. To ensure the scenario of accelerated expansion, ωq lies in the range −1 < ωq < −1/3. From this specific range, we choose ωq = −2/3.
Tom Weber et al 2024 Phys. Scr. 99 065106
The main challenge of quantum computing on its way to scalability is the erroneous behaviour of current devices. Understanding and predicting their impact on computations is essential to counteract these errors with methods such as quantum error mitigation. Thus, it is necessary to construct and evaluate accurate noise models. However, the evaluation of noise models does not yet follow a systematic approach, making it nearly impossible to estimate the accuracy of a model for a given application. Therefore, we developed and present a systematic approach to benchmarking noise models for quantum computing applications. It compares the results of hardware experiments to predictions of noise models for a representative set of quantum circuits. We also construct a noise model containing five types of quantum noise and optimize its parameters using a series of training circuits. We compare its accuracy to other noise models by volumetric benchmarks involving typical variational quantum circuits. The model can easily be expanded by adding new quantum channels.
Dennis Bonatsos et al 2024 Phys. Scr. 99 062003
Prolate to oblate shape transitions have been predicted in an analytic way in the framework of the Interacting Boson Model (IBM), determining O(6) as the symmetry at the critical point. Parameter-independent predictions for prolate to oblate transitions in various regions on the nuclear chart have been made in the framework of the proxy-SU(3) and pseudo-SU(3) symmetries, corroborated by recent non-relativistic and relativistic mean field calculations along series of nuclear isotopes, with parameters fixed throughout, as well as by shell model calculations taking advantage of the quasi-SU(3) symmetry. Experimental evidence for regions of prolate to oblate shape transitions is in agreement with regions in which nuclei bearing the O(6) dynamical symmetry of the IBM have been identified, lying below major shell closures. In addition, gradual oblate to prolate transitions are seen when crossing major nuclear shell closures, in analogy to experimental observations in alkali clusters.
Shuaiqi Zhou et al 2024 Phys. Scr. 99 065213
Abnormal behaviours in crowded populations can pose significant threats to public safety, with the occurrence of such anomalies often corresponding to changes in macroscopic quantities of the complex system. Therefore, the automatic extraction and prediction of macroscopic quantities in pedestrian collective behaviour becomes significant. In this study, we generated pedestrian evacuation data through simulation, and calculated the average kinetic energy, entropy and order parameter of the system based on principles of statistical physics. These macroscopic quantities can characterize the changes in crowd behaviour patterns over time and can also assist in detecting abnormalities. Subsequently, we designed deep convolutional neural networks(CNNs) to estimate these macroscopic quantities directly from frame-by-frame image data. In the end, a convolutional auto-encoder(CAE) model is trained to learn the underlying physics unsupervisedly. Successful results indicate that deep learning methods can directly extract macroscopic information from crowd dynamics, aiding in analysing collective behaviour.
M Shanmuka Srinivas et al 2024 Phys. Scr. 99 065008
As industries worldwide seek environmentally sustainable solutions, the metalworking sector faces a growing need for eco-friendly alternatives to traditional cutting fluids. This abstract introduces the concept of an innovative approach to cutting fluid technology—the use of groundnut oil as a base material for machining fluids. Derived from peanuts, groundnut oil presents a renewable and biodegradable alternative to petroleum-based counterparts, addressing concerns related to resource depletion and environmental impact. A comprehensive performance evaluation of groundnut oil- based cutting fluid has been carried out by series of critical tests such as separation testing, particle size and stability testing, frictional testing, corrosion testing and drilling testing. The results of these tests collectively contribute to a comprehensive understanding of groundnut oil-based cutting fluids, shedding light on their potential as sustainable and high-performance alternatives in metalworking. The zeta potential for the prepared green cutting fluid has been found to be 49.10 mV. The dimensions of the dispersed particles in a fluid of the cutting fluid have been found as 250–260 nm. The environmentally friendly cutting fluid exhibits favourable outcomes in corrosion resistance, frictional performance, and drilling efficacy during testing.