Table of contents

CONTENTS Introduction 1 I. Space Lattice 2 II. Doubling of the Period 2 III. Electron Energy Spectrum 4 1. Expansion Near Extremum 4 2. Two-band Model 4 3. Deformation Theory 6 IV. Electron Spectrum in a Constant Magnetic Field 8 1. Classical Limit 8 2. Two-band Model and Extremum of Band 9 3. Quasiclassical Quantization 9 V. Specific Heat 10 VI. Magnetic Susceptibility 10 VII. Quantum Oscillations of the Susceptibility and of Other Thermodynamic and Kinetic Quantities 11 VIII. Electric Conductivity 14 1. Static Conductivity in a Constant Magnetic Field 14 2. Conductivity in the Absence of Constant Magnetic Field 14 3. Cyclotron Resonance 15 4. Magnetoplasma Waves 17 5. Optical Properties in the Infrared Region 19 IX. Measurement of the Fermi Momenta in Experiments with Ultrasound and by Determining the Cutoff of the Cyclotron Resonance 20 X. Tunnel Effect 20 XI. Phonon Spectrum 20 XII. Cited Literature 20

CONTENTS I. Elementary Analysis of Radiation of a Charge Moving Along a Helix 34 II. Cerenkov Radiation of a Particle Passing Through a Plate (Layer of Matter) 36 III. Synchrotron Radiation of an Individual Particle Moving at an Arbitrary Angle to the Field 37 IV. Radiation of a System of Particles 38 V. Reabsorption of Radiation of Ultrarelativistic Particles 40 VI. Magnetic-field Variation Connected with Synchrotron Radiation (Losses) Cited Literature 43

CONTENTS Introduction 49 I. Fast-muon Interaction Cross Sections 51 1. Bremsstrahlung 51 2. Direct Pair Production 52 3. Electromagnetic-nuclear Reactions Induced by Muons 53 II. Passage of Muons Through Matter 54 1. Average Muon Losses 54 2. Average Muon Range 55 3. Absorption Curve 56 4. Muon Range Fluctuations 56 III. Fundamental Characteristics of High Energy Cosmic Muons 57 1. Energy Spectrum of Vertical Muons at Sea Level 57 2. Energy Spectrum of Fast Muons Moving at Large Zenith Angles 59 3. Muon Absorption Curve in Ground 59 4. Angular Distribution of Muons at Large Depths 59 5. Positive Excess 60 IV. Fundamental Physical Results 60 1. Upper Limit of Anomalous Muon Interaction 60 2. Production of K Mesons at Very High Energies 61 3. Fraction of Energy Carried Away by the Fastest Pions 62 4. Role of Isobars in Multiple Processes 62 5. Cross Section of Photonuclear Processes at High Energies 63 V. Cosmic Muons and Neutrinos 63 VI. Certain Unexplained Phenomena Connected with Muons 63 VII. Concluding Remarks 63 Cited Literature 64

CONTENTS Introduction I. The Nonrelativistic Quark Model and the Classification of Hadrons 109 II. Mass Formulas in the Quark Model 110 III. Electromagnetic Properties of Hadrons 112 IV. Weak Interactions of Hadrons 115 V. Scattering of High-energy Particles (Description of the Model) 116 VI. Main Consequences of the Quark Model for the Scattering of High-energy Hadrons 117 VII. Relations between Total Cross Sections 118 VIII. Relations between Differential Cross Sections for Inelastic Reactions 120 IX. The Density Matrix 122 X. Collisions of High-energy Hadrons (Relations between the Nonrelativistic Quark Model and other Theories) 123 XI. Conclusion 124 What Should be Measured and Why 124 Appendix I. Hadron Wave Functions in the Quark Model 125 Appendix II 126 Literature Cited 127