Table of contents

The reasons for an increase in the cross sections and the range of interaction of hadrons with increasing energy are discussed. A picture of fast hadron collisions that enables one to explain on the basis of quantum chromodynamics perturbation theory the main qualitative features of present-day experimental data is examined.

The review is devoted to new effects discovered recently in the course of studying the process of nonlinear ionization of atoms in the field of laser radiation—above-threshold ionization, manifestation of multielectron structure of complex atoms, formation of multiply charged ions, tunneling ionization, and emission of short-wavelength radiation. The main experimental data and their theoretical interpretation are presented. A discussion is given of the criteria for the applicability of the lowest non-vanishing order of non-steady-state perturbation theory to the description of the interaction of an atom with the electromagnetic field.

This review discusses the structure of an electrical double layer formed at the semiconductor-electrolyte interface, as well as the energy states and imperfections in the electrolyte and on the semiconductor surface. A considerable part of the review is devoted to the results of investigations of photoelectric effects, luminescence, reflection, and electroreflection at this interface. The quantum size effects which occur in semiconductor electrodes and in colloids and the injection of hot electrons into an electrolyte are discussed in later sections of the review. A classification of photoelectrochemical cells is given and current data are provided on devices for conversion of solar or laser radiation energy into electrical and chemical energy.

This brief critical review discusses attempts to check the accuracy with which experiments confirm conservation of electrical charge and the Pauli principle. The unavailability is emphasized of an internally consistent phenomenological theory which could describe a violation of charge conservation and/or of the Pauli principle. Longitudinal photons play a fundamental role in nonconservation of charge. New proposals concerning verification of the Pauli principle are discussed.

A new variant of the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen experiment is discussed which illustrates the complementarity principle and the indeterminancy relations for the energy and the time of creation of photons emitted as correlated pairs in the decay of a metastable state of an atom or in parametric scattering of light. It is shown that it is not possible a priori to ascribe to such photons a definite temporal structure; it acquires an operational meaning only after one of the photons of the pair is recorded by a detector with a definite frequency characteristic. A simple interpretation of the effect is possible by means of an advanced wave emitted by one of the detectors at the instant of the photon being recorded.