Table of contents

1. Introduction 2. Methods of Quantum Field Theory in Statistical Physics 154 3. The Energy of a Condensed Body Associated with Long-Wave Electromagnetic Fluctuations 158 4. Molecular Forces between Solids 164 a) Derivation of the General Formula 164 b) Discussion of the General Formula and Limiting Cases 166 c) The Effect of Temperature 169 d) Interaction of Individual Atoms 170 5. Thin Films on the Surface of a Solid 171 a) Chemical Potential of a Film 171 b) Forces of Nonelectromagnetic Origin 174 c) Film of Liquid Helium 175 References 176

Introduction 177 I. The Optical Orientation of Atoms 178 II. The Optical Detection of the Orientation of Atoms 181 III. The Effect of Relaxation Phenomena on the Process of Optical Pumping 183 IV. Phenomenological Theory of Optical Orientation of Atoms 188 V. Detection of Radio-Frequency Resonance by the Optical Method. Determination of the Hyperfine Structure Constant and of Nuclear and Electronic g Factors 190 VI. Practical Applications of the Method of Optical Orientation of Atoms 194 VII. Orientation Produced by Exchange Collisions 198 VIII. The Study of Relaxation Processes by the Optical Method 200 IX. Optical Pumping in Solids 201 Conclusion 203 Literature 203

1. Introduction 205 2. Modern Notions of the Electronic and Ionic Stages in the Process of Latent-linage Formation 206 3. Methods of Study of the Effect of an Electric Field on the Latent Image and the Print-Out Process 209 4. Ionic Conductivity of Silver Halide Crystals'and Ionic Processes in an Electric Field 211 5. Electron and Hole Conductivity of Silver Halide Crystals in Pulsed Electric Fields 215 6. The Sensitivity of a Photographic Emulsion in an Electric Field 221 7. Conclusions 223 References 224

Incomplete text of a talk planned for delivery by I. V. Kurchatov at Saclay in March 1960 during a visit to France of a delegation headed by N. S. Khrushchev

I. Introduction 332 1. Linear and Nonlinear Stability Theory 333 2. Oscillating and Aperiodic Instabilities 334 3. Methods of Describing a Plasma 334 II. Aperiodic Plasma Instability 336 4. Ideal Plasma 336 5. Aperiodic Plasma Instability with Account of Dissipation 346 III. Oscillating Plasma Instability 349 6. Instability of Beams in a Plasma 349 7. Microscopic Instability of "Nonmaxwellian" Plasma 352 8. Build-up of Oscillations in a Plasma in the Presence of Relative Motion of Ions and Electrons 355 9. Microscopic Instabilities of an Inhomogeneous Plasma 356 10. Stability of Plasma Flow in a Magnetic Field 357 11. "Oscillating Convection" in a Plasma 360 12. Instability of Positive Column of Gas Discharge in a Magnetic Field 360 IV. Problems in Nonlinear Stability Theory 361 13. Steady-State Convection in a Plasma and "Anomalous Diffusion" 361 14. Quasi Linear Approximation in the Analysis of Oscillating Instabilities in a Rarefied Plasma 363 15. Developed Instability 365 Appendices 366 Literature 368