Table of contents

Introduction 849 1. Method of Comprehensive Study of Extensive Air Showers of Cosmic Radiation 850 2. Lateral Distribution of Charged Particles in Extensive Air Showers at the Observation Level 854 3. Muons in Extensive Air Showers 859 4. Nuclear-active Component of Extensive Air Showers 865 5. Energy Flux Carried by Different Components of Extensive Air Showers 867 6. Extensive Air Showers and Primary Cosmic Radiation 872 Conclusion 874 Cited Literature 875

Introduction 878 1. Fermi Energy. Fermi Surface. Number of Electrons 878 2. Density of Electron States per Unit Energy Range 884 3. Thermodynamics of Conduction Electrons 886 4. Anomalies of Electronic Properties of a Metal at High Pressures 888 5. Para- and Diamagnetism (Weak Magnetic Fields) 890 6. The de Haas-van Alphen Effect (Strong Magnetic Fields) 892 7. The de Haas-van Alphen Effect and the Theory of the Fermi Liquid 896 8. The de Haas-van Alphen Effect (Special Problems) 898 9. Determination of the Electron Energy Spectrum from Experimental Data 900 10. General Theory of Oscillatory Phenomena 902 Appendix 903 1. The Definition of the Effective Mass of a Conduction Electron 903 2. Motion in a Time-varying Inhomogeneous Electromagnetic Field 903 3. Quasiclassical Quantization Near Singular Classical Trajectories 905 Literature References 906

Introduction 951 I. Changes in the Unit-cell Volumes of Chemical Compounds Produced by Substitution of Heavier Isotopes for Lighter Ones 951 II. Temperature Dependence of Isotope Effects in the Lattice Parameters and Shifts in Phasetransition Temperatures in Deuterated Compounds 954 III. Low-temperature Apparatus for Studying the Structures of Isotopes 957 IV. Isotopic Morphotropy of the Isotopes of Hydrogen 960 V. Isotope Effects in the Lattices of the Isotopes of the Inert Gases (He, Ne) 961 VI. Isotope Effects in the Lattice Parameters of Isotopes of Metals (Li, Ni) and the Temperature Dependence of These Effects 963 VII. Attempted Theoretical Treatments of the Problem of Isotope Effects in the Structural Properties of Solids 965 VIII. The Magnitude and Sign of the Isotope Effect in Crystals with Differing Binding Forces 968 IX. Solid Solutions of the Hydrogen Isotopes and the Liquid-solid Phase Diagrams for Systems Consisting of the Hydrogen Isotopes 969 X. Conclusion 972 Bibliography 973