ACCURATE RITZ WAVELENGTHS OF PARITY-FORBIDDEN [Co ii] AND [V ii] LINES OF ASTROPHYSICAL INTEREST

Stellar spectra feature a rich array of absorption lines, generated primarily from electric dipole (E1) transitions within the atoms of a star's atmosphere. These lines may be interpreted using synthetic spectra derived from atomic and molecular line lists, and radiative processes modeled using spectra containing hundreds of millions or billions of spectroscopic transitions.

In each case though, fundamental atomic data—such as line wavelengths and identifications, transition probabilities, and line broadening parameters such as hyperfine splitting—must be known. These can be supplied on a large scale through ab initio atomic and molecular calculations, or with greater accuracy on a smaller scale through direct experimental measurements in the laboratory.

However, in recent decades, developments in astronomical spectrographs have placed greater demands on the quantity and accuracy of such data. As a result, our understanding of stellar atmospheres is frequently not limited by the quality and quantity of astronomical spectra, but by the availability of accurate atomic and molecular data with which to analyze them. This is also true of other areas of astronomical spectroscopy, which may have additional, sometimes unique, requirements.

In contrast to stellar spectra, spectra from low-density astrophysical plasmas—such as those that exist in planetary nebulae and star-forming regions, and around active galactic nuclei—also contain strong emission lines. These are generated through a number of processes, and can lead to the observation of so-called forbidden lines, which arise from the radiative de-excitation of electrons from long-lived, low-lying metastable levels. For an overview of the processes at work in nebulae and active galactic nuclei, see Osterbrock & Ferland (2006), for example.

In general, metastable levels possess the same parity as the ground state of an atom,¹ and are of lower energy than any level of opposite parity. De-excitation of electrons through E1 transitions is thus forbidden, as can be seen from the selection rules in Table 1. Electrons populating these levels must therefore de-excite through alternative mechanisms.

Higher order, magnetic dipole (M1) and electric quadrupole (E2) transitions are allowed, but for neutral and weakly ionized atoms, their transition probabilities are many orders of magnitude smaller than those for E1 transitions. As a result, in high-density plasmas—such as those that exist in stellar atmospheres or plasmas generated in the laboratory—metastable levels are predominantly de-populated through collisions with other atoms, and thus no forbidden lines are seen. However, in low-density plasmas, collisions are rare, allowing enough time for M1 and E2 transitions to occur.

Forbidden lines are thus observed in these plasmas and are important in examining different regions of planetary nebulae (Smith et al. 2005, for example) and nebulae surrounding objects such as active galactic nuclei (Meijerink et al. 2007, for example). However, it is usual for only standard pairs of forbidden lines to be used in such analyses, most commonly those from [Fe ii], which is at least in part due to a lack of accurate atomic data for other forbidden lines. Barlow (2012) recently reviewed developments arising from spectroscopic studies of ionized nebulae and concluded that there is an "urgent" requirement for more atomic data of such lines; particularly so for atoms in low ionization states.

In this paper, we present a comprehensive set of accurate Ritz wavelengths for forbidden lines in Co ii and V ii, calculated, in each case, for transitions between all known metastable levels. These include infrared lines of astrophysical importance, some of which have already been observed in such spectra; see Fang & Liu (2011), Hartman et al. (2004), and Arkhipova et al. (2001), for example.

The Ritz wavelengths of the parity-forbidden [Co ii] and [V ii] lines reported here were calculated, respectively, from the accurate Co ii energy levels reported by Pickering et al. (1998) and the revised accurate V ii energy levels measured by Thorne et al. (2013).

In both cases, the laboratory Co ii and V ii spectra obtained by those researchers, and used in their spectral analyses, were generated in a water-cooled hollow cathode discharge lamp and measured on both the f/25 vacuum UV Fourier transform (FT) spectrometer at Imperial College London (Thorne et al. 1987) and the f/55 IR-visible FT spectrometer at the National Solar Observatory, Kitt Peak, Tucson, AZ (Brault 1976). Observed atomic lines were fitted using the GREMLIN program developed by J. W. Brault (unpublished), with care taken to account for hyperfine structure splitting by calculating a center of gravity wavenumber for each transition. The wavenumber scale was calibrated using the 26 Ar ii lines recommended by Learner & Thorne (1988), and the ELCALC program (Radziemski & Kaufman 1969) was then used to revise the energy levels involving known transitions observed in the FT spectra. New energy levels were found using the unidentified observed lines.

The Co ii spectra in Pickering et al. (1998) were wavelength calibrated using the Ar ii measurements of Norlén (1973). By contrast, the V ii spectra in Thorne et al. (2013) were wavelength calibrated using the more recent Ar ii measurements of Whaling et al. (1995). Since the measurements of Norlén (1973) have now been superseded by those of Whaling et al. (1995), we increased the Co ii energy levels of Pickering et al. (1998) by 7 parts in 10⁸—the value recommended by Whaling et al. (1995)—in our calculations of [Co ii] Ritz wavelengths to account for the difference between the two calibration scales. In almost all cases, however, the resulting change in line wavelength was smaller than the overall wavelength uncertainty.

3.1. Ritz Wavelengths

V ii has a complex energy level structure, with 65 metastable levels of even parity between the 3d⁴ a⁵D₀ ground state and the lowest-lying level of odd parity; the 3d³(⁴F)4p z⁵G₂ level at 34592.843(1) cm⁻¹ (Thorne et al. 2013). These levels are shown in Figure 1, grouped by their configuration and sub-configuration, with individual spin-orbit (LS) terms labeled. The levels belonging to the lowest-lying term of odd parity are also shown to indicate the upper limit on the region in which E1 transitions are forbidden.

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Using the energy levels measured by Thorne et al. (2013) and the selection rules given in Table 1, we calculated accurate Ritz wavelengths for the 1477 possible parity-forbidden [V ii] lines originating from M1 and E2 transitions between all 65 metastable levels. The most significant of these—those with A ⩾ 1 × 10⁻² and upper level excitation of less than 5 eV—are listed in Table 2, with the remaining weaker lines listed in Table 4. The uncertainties in line wavelength were obtained by combining the uncertainty in the energy level value (typically 0.001 cm⁻¹ to 0.003 cm⁻¹) of each of the two levels involved in a given transition.

Table 2. Parity-forbidden Lines in V ii with a Transition Probability of At Least 1 × 10⁻² s⁻¹ and Upper Level Excitation Less Than 5 eV

Wavenumber	Unc.	λvac	Unc.	λair	Transition		Energy (cm−1)b		A	Type
(cm−1)	(cm−1)	(Å)	(Å)	(Å)a	Lower	Upper	Lower	Upper	(s−1)c
					Level	Level	Level	Level
5391.151	0.004	18548.9147	0.0124	18543.8509	a5P3	b3P2	13742	19133	1.71 × 10−2	M1, E2
5649.623	0.004	17700.2961	0.0113	17695.4632	a5P1	b3P0	13512	19161	2.87 × 10−2	M1
5654.515	0.004	17684.9827	0.0113	17680.1540	a5P1	b3P1	13512	19166	2.22 × 10−2	M1, E2
7253.161	0.004	13787.0923	0.0069	13783.3234	a3P2	b3P0	11908	19161	1.02 × 10−2	E2
7657.257	0.002	13059.5068	0.0038	13055.9357	a3H6	b3H6	12706	20363	1.99 × 10−2	M1, E2
7658.766	0.003	13056.9337	0.0054	13053.3633	a3H5	b3H5	12621	20280	1.77 × 10−2	M1, E2
7697.282	0.004	12991.5989	0.0061	12988.0461	a3H4	b3H4	12545	20242	1.83 × 10−2	M1, E2
8387.824	0.004	11922.0432	0.0064	11918.7809	a3P1	a1S0	11515	19903	2.41 × 10−2	M1
9037.817	0.004	11064.6188	0.0044	11061.5892	b1D2	b1F3	25191	34229	3.38 × 10−2	M1, E2
9255.938	0.002	10803.8753	0.0026	10800.9164	a3F4	a3D3	9098	18354	2.05 × 10−2	M1, E2
9427.464	0.003	10607.3065	0.0036	10604.4009	a3F3	a3D1	8842	18270	1.13 × 10−2	E2
9629.152	0.004	10385.1305	0.0039	10382.2852	a3F2	a3D1	8640	18270	1.25 × 10−2	M1, E2
9695.545	0.004	10314.0154	0.0045	10311.1893	b3D3	c3F4	20623	30319	1.25 × 10−2	M1, E2
9955.193	0.004	10045.0087	0.0036	10042.2555	b3H6	c3F4	20363	30319	2.92 × 10−2	E2
10015.040	0.001	9984.9826	0.0014	9982.2457	a3F4	b1G4	9098	19113	1.71 × 10−2	M1, E2
10025.129	0.006	9974.9340	0.0058	9972.1998	b3H4	c3F2	20242	30268	3.26 × 10−2	E2
10026.138	0.004	9973.9301	0.0042	9971.1963	b3H5	c3F3	20280	30306	3.11 × 10−2	E2
10270.864	0.004	9736.2792	0.0034	9733.6098	c3P2	d3F4	20343	30614	1.27 × 10−2	E2
10270.879	0.001	9736.2650	0.0013	9733.5955	a3F3	b1G4	8842	19113	1.04 × 10−2	M1, E2
10521.060	0.004	9504.7457	0.0033	9502.1389	a3F2	b3P0	8640	19161	1.18 × 10−2	E2
10525.952	0.004	9500.3283	0.0033	9497.7227	a3F2	b3P1	8640	19166	1.23 × 10−2	M1, E2
10578.674	0.003	9452.9806	0.0025	9450.3878	a5F5	a5P3	3163	13742	1.85 × 10−2	E2
10583.438	0.005	9448.7255	0.0048	9446.1338	c3P1	d3F2	20090	30673	1.16 × 10−2	M1, E2
10626.334	0.004	9410.5832	0.0037	9408.0019	a5F4	a5P2	2968	13595	1.19 × 10−2	E2
10785.764	0.004	9271.4804	0.0035	9268.9368	a5F3	a5P2	2809	13595	1.08 × 10−2	M1, E2
10824.591	0.002	9238.2243	0.0019	9235.6897	a5F2	a5P1	2687	13512	1.23 × 10−2	M1, E2
10837.702	0.003	9227.0483	0.0024	9224.5167	a1H5	b1F3	23391	34229	5.30 × 10−2	E2
10906.759	0.002	9168.6265	0.0019	9166.1108	a5F1	a5P1	2605	13512	1.15 × 10−2	M1, E2
11245.157	0.002	8892.7171	0.0018	8890.2760	a3F4	c3P2	9098	20343	1.81 × 10−2	E2
11247.600	0.002	8890.7856	0.0018	8888.3450	a3F3	c3P1	8842	20090	1.56 × 10−2	E2
11259.411	0.005	8881.4593	0.0042	8879.0212	a5D1	a3P0	36	11296	1.93 × 10−2	M1
11318.330	0.007	8835.2257	0.0052	8832.8001	a1D2	d3P1	20981	32299	1.84 × 10−2	M1, E2
11408.141	0.002	8765.6701	0.0017	8763.2633	a5D2	a3P1	107	11515	1.52 × 10−2	M1, E2
11417.652	0.006	8758.3682	0.0045	8755.9634	b3D3	d3P2	20623	32041	6.46 × 10−2	M1, E2
11439.123	0.010	8741.9289	0.0080	8739.5286	a1D2	d3P0	20981	32420	7.03 × 10−2	E2
11449.288	0.003	8734.1676	0.0022	8731.7694	a3F2	c3P1	8640	20090	2.17 × 10−2	M1, E2
11475.453	0.004	8714.2529	0.0032	8711.8601	b3P1	d3F3	19166	30642	1.44 × 10−2	E2
11481.119	0.004	8709.9524	0.0032	8707.5607	b3P2	d3F4	19133	30614	2.58 × 10−2	E2
11492.641	0.002	8701.2202	0.0017	8698.8309	a5F5	a3G5	3163	14656	1.37 × 10−2	M1, E2
11500.996	0.002	8694.8991	0.0017	8692.5115	a3F3	c3P2	8842	20343	1.60 × 10−2	M1, E2
11516.308	0.004	8683.3384	0.0027	8680.9540	a3F2	c3P0	8640	20157	3.74 × 10−2	E2
11525.094	0.003	8676.7188	0.0024	8674.3361	a3F4	b3D3	9098	20623	1.60 × 10−2	M1, E2
11648.390	0.003	8584.8774	0.0023	8582.5195	b3F3	b1D2	13543	25191	1.08 × 10−2	M1, E2
11676.274	0.007	8564.3759	0.0049	8562.0236	b3D3	d3P1	20623	32299	5.62 × 10−2	E2
11680.097	0.004	8561.5727	0.0030	8559.2212	a3F3	b3D1	8842	20522	1.51 × 10−2	E2
11682.184	0.007	8560.0432	0.0049	8557.6921	b3D2	d3P1	20617	32299	4.01 × 10−2	M1, E2
11697.589	0.005	8548.7702	0.0039	8546.4221	c3P2	d3P2	20343	32041	1.11 × 10−1	M1, E2
11699.471	0.002	8547.3950	0.0016	8545.0473	a5D3	a3P2	209	11908	1.10 × 10−2	M1, E2
11777.110	0.007	8491.0475	0.0052	8488.7150	b3D1	d3P1	20522	32299	9.32 × 10−2	M1, E2
11802.977	0.010	8472.4388	0.0075	8470.1113	b3D2	d3P0	20617	32420	1.78 × 10−1	E2
11881.785	0.004	8416.2439	0.0032	8413.9316	a3F2	b3D1	8640	20522	1.15 × 10−2	M1, E2
11883.965	0.006	8414.7000	0.0041	8412.3881	c3P0	d3P2	20157	32041	3.83 × 10−2	E2
11950.985	0.005	8367.5111	0.0038	8365.2120	c3P1	d3P2	20090	32041	1.06 × 10−1	M1, E2
11956.211	0.006	8363.8537	0.0044	8361.5556	c3P2	d3P1	20343	32299	1.12 × 10−1	M1, E2
12077.004	0.010	8280.1993	0.0070	8277.9238	c3P2	d3P0	20343	32420	8.69 × 10−2	E2
12138.877	0.003	8237.9943	0.0021	8235.7303	a3F3	a1D2	8842	20981	1.86 × 10−2	M1, E2
12209.607	0.006	8190.2718	0.0042	8188.0206	c3P1	d3P1	20090	32299	2.54 × 10−2	M1, E2
12260.083	0.004	8156.5516	0.0024	8154.3096	a3D3	d3F4	18354	30614	2.25 × 10−2	M1, E2
12340.565	0.004	8103.3567	0.0024	8101.1290	a3F2	a1D2	8640	20981	2.01 × 10−2	M1, E2
12347.896	0.004	8098.5457	0.0024	8096.3193	a3D2	d3F3	18294	30642	1.65 × 10−2	M1, E2
12379.217	0.005	8078.0553	0.0035	8075.8345	a3D2	d3F2	18294	30673	1.14 × 10−2	M1, E2
12403.574	0.006	8062.1924	0.0038	8059.9758	a3D1	d3F2	18270	30673	1.72 × 10−2	M1, E2
12874.321	0.006	7767.3999	0.0035	7765.2629	b3P1	d3P2	19166	32041	1.47 × 10−2	M1, E2
12907.844	0.006	7747.2272	0.0035	7745.0956	b3P2	d3P2	19133	32041	1.92 × 10−2	M1, E2
13255.598	0.004	7543.9825	0.0023	7541.9058	a5D4	a5P2	339	13595	1.85 × 10−1	E2
13269.814	0.001	7535.9007	0.0008	7533.8261	a5D4	b3F4	339	13609	1.31 × 10−2	M1, E2
13287.259	0.010	7526.0067	0.0059	7523.9348	b3P2	d3P0	19133	32420	1.91 × 10−2	E2
13303.009	0.002	7517.0963	0.0013	7515.0269	a5D3	a5P1	209	13512	2.21 × 10−1	E2
13370.017	0.003	7479.4221	0.0016	7477.4245	a5F5	b3G5	3163	16533	2.88 × 10−2	M1, E2
13402.515	0.002	7461.2862	0.0012	7459.2934	a5D4	a5P3	339	13742	1.76 × 10−1	M1, E2
13405.156	0.002	7459.8162	0.0012	7457.8238	a5D2	a5P1	107	13512	1.43 × 10−1	M1, E2
13453.139	0.001	7433.2095	0.0008	7431.2240	a5F4	b3G4	2968	16422	1.57 × 10−2	M1, E2
13475.697	0.003	7420.7664	0.0016	7418.7842	a5D1	a5P1	36	13512	3.79 × 10−2	M1, E2
13488.080	0.004	7413.9537	0.0023	7411.9732	a5D2	a5P2	107	13595	6.33 × 10−2	M1, E2
13532.850	0.002	7389.4265	0.0012	7387.4525	a5D3	a5P3	209	13742	1.55 × 10−1	M1, E2
13558.621	0.004	7375.3813	0.0024	7373.4110	a5D1	a5P2	36	13595	1.08 × 10−1	M1, E2
13594.723	0.005	7355.7953	0.0027	7353.8301	a5D0	a5P2	0	13595	5.27 × 10−2	E2
13634.997	0.002	7334.0684	0.0012	7332.1088	a5D2	a5P3	107	13742	7.67 × 10−2	M1, E2
13686.808	0.005	7306.3055	0.0029	7304.3532	a3D3	d3P2	18354	32041	6.92 × 10−2	M1, E2
13705.538	0.003	7296.3207	0.0015	7294.3710	a5D1	a5P3	36	13742	1.83 × 10−2	E2
13746.764	0.005	7274.4393	0.0028	7272.4953	a3D2	d3P2	18294	32041	1.34 × 10−2	M1, E2
13785.545	0.004	7253.9751	0.0019	7252.0365	b3G5	c3F4	16533	30319	8.54 × 10−2	M1, E2
13884.861	0.003	7202.0887	0.0016	7200.1636	b3G4	c3F3	16422	30306	5.58 × 10−2	M1, E2
13897.000	0.003	7195.7977	0.0016	7193.8743	b3G4	c3F4	16422	30319	1.38 × 10−2	M1, E2
13926.530	0.005	7180.5396	0.0028	7178.6202	b3G3	c3F2	16341	30268	4.80 × 10−2	M1, E2
13945.430	0.006	7170.8079	0.0033	7168.8911	a3D3	d3P1	18354	32299	5.96 × 10−2	E2
13965.408	0.004	7160.5498	0.0018	7158.6357	b3G3	c3F3	16341	30306	1.28 × 10−2	M1, E2
14005.386	0.006	7140.1102	0.0032	7138.2014	a3D2	d3P1	18294	32299	1.95 × 10−2	M1, E2
14029.743	0.007	7127.7143	0.0034	7125.8087	a3D1	d3P1	18270	32299	5.60 × 10−2	M1, E2
14080.927	0.004	7101.8052	0.0018	7099.9063	b3G5	d3F4	16533	30614	1.72 × 10−1	M1, E2
14108.784	0.004	7087.7830	0.0018	7085.8879	b3G5	d3F3	16533	30642	3.20 × 10−2	E2
14126.179	0.010	7079.0551	0.0051	7077.1622	a3D2	d3P0	18294	32420	1.18 × 10−1	E2
14192.382	0.003	7046.0336	0.0016	7044.1493	b3G4	d3F4	16422	30614	3.72 × 10−2	M1, E2
14220.239	0.003	7032.2306	0.0016	7030.3500	b3G4	d3F3	16422	30642	1.69 × 10−1	M1, E2
14251.560	0.005	7016.7757	0.0025	7014.8991	b3G4	d3F2	16422	30673	4.87 × 10−2	E2
14300.786	0.004	6992.6226	0.0018	6990.7523	b3G3	d3F3	16341	30642	5.43 × 10−2	M1, E2
14332.107	0.005	6977.3412	0.0026	6975.4748	b3G3	d3F2	16341	30673	2.44 × 10−1	M1, E2
15115.923	0.002	6615.5404	0.0010	6613.7685	b1G4	b1F3	19113	34229	5.66 × 10−2	M1, E2
15385.438	0.002	6499.6525	0.0009	6497.9108	a5F4	a3D3	2968	18354	1.81 × 10−2	M1, E2
15484.912	0.002	6457.8991	0.0009	6456.1683	a5F3	a3D2	2809	18294	2.64 × 10−2	M1, E2
15582.306	0.003	6417.5354	0.0013	6415.8151	a5F2	a3D1	2687	18270	2.83 × 10−2	M1, E2
15662.921	0.003	6384.5052	0.0013	6382.7935	a3G5	c3F4	14656	30319	1.12 × 10−2	M1, E2
15664.474	0.003	6383.8722	0.0013	6382.1607	a5F1	a3D1	2605	18270	1.48 × 10−2	M1, E2
15750.321	0.003	6349.0769	0.0013	6347.3745	a3G4	c3F3	14556	30306	1.63 × 10−2	M1, E2
15805.763	0.005	6326.8062	0.0022	6325.1096	a3G3	c3F2	14462	30268	4.31 × 10−2	M1, E2
15844.641	0.004	6311.2822	0.0014	6309.5895	a3G3	c3F3	14462	30306	1.40 × 10−2	M1, E2
15958.303	0.003	6266.3304	0.0012	6264.6495	a3G5	d3F4	14656	30614	4.19 × 10−1	M1, E2
15986.160	0.003	6255.4109	0.0012	6253.7329	a3G5	d3F3	14656	30642	7.37 × 10−2	E2
16057.842	0.003	6227.4869	0.0012	6225.8161	a3G4	d3F4	14556	30614	7.60 × 10−2	M1, E2
16085.699	0.003	6216.7022	0.0012	6215.0342	a3G4	d3F3	14556	30642	3.20 × 10−1	M1, E2
16117.020	0.005	6204.6210	0.0020	6202.9561	a3G4	d3F2	14556	30673	9.10 × 10−2	E2
16180.019	0.004	6180.4625	0.0014	6178.8039	a3G3	d3F3	14462	30642	8.90 × 10−2	M1, E2
16211.340	0.005	6168.5215	0.0020	6166.8661	a3G3	d3F2	14462	30673	3.78 × 10−1	M1, E2
16317.939	0.003	6128.2249	0.0011	6126.5799	a1G4	b1F3	17911	34229	4.78 × 10−2	M1, E2
16348.985	0.003	6116.5877	0.0012	6114.9457	a3F3	b1D2	8842	25191	3.09 × 10−2	M1, E2
16550.673	0.004	6042.0504	0.0013	6040.4278	a3F2	b1D2	8640	25191	1.53 × 10−2	M1, E2
16697.450	0.003	5988.9384	0.0011	5987.3297	b3F4	c3F3	13609	30306	6.95 × 10−2	M1, E2
16709.589	0.003	5984.5877	0.0011	5982.9800	b3F4	c3F4	13609	30319	2.45 × 10−1	M1, E2
16724.866	0.005	5979.1211	0.0018	5977.5149	b3F3	c3F2	13543	30268	1.02 × 10−1	M1, E2
16763.744	0.003	5965.2545	0.0011	5963.6519	b3F3	c3F3	13543	30306	1.81 × 10−1	M1, E2
16775.883	0.003	5960.9381	0.0011	5959.3366	b3F3	c3F4	13543	30319	5.58 × 10−2	M1, E2
16776.628	0.005	5960.6734	0.0019	5959.0720	b3F2	c3F2	13491	30268	2.33 × 10−1	M1, E2
16815.506	0.004	5946.8921	0.0013	5945.2943	b3F2	c3F3	13491	30306	7.35 × 10−2	M1, E2
17004.971	0.003	5880.6334	0.0011	5879.0528	b3F4	d3F4	13609	30614	5.13 × 10−2	M1, E2
17032.828	0.003	5871.0157	0.0011	5869.4376	b3F4	d3F3	13609	30642	2.84 × 10−2	M1, E2
17071.265	0.003	5857.7967	0.0011	5856.2220	b3F3	d3F4	13543	30614	1.31 × 10−2	M1, E2
17099.122	0.003	5848.2535	0.0011	5846.6813	b3F3	d3F3	13543	30642	1.62 × 10−2	M1, E2
17130.443	0.005	5837.5607	0.0017	5835.9912	b3F3	d3F2	13543	30673	2.31 × 10−2	M1, E2
17182.205	0.005	5819.9748	0.0018	5818.4099	b3F2	d3F2	13491	30673	1.45 × 10−2	M1, E2
17654.594	0.003	5664.2481	0.0010	5662.7236	a5F4	b3D3	2968	20623	4.21 × 10−2	M1, E2
17722.411	0.005	5642.5731	0.0017	5641.0543	a3H4	c3F2	12545	30268	3.11 × 10−2	E2
17808.114	0.003	5615.4178	0.0010	5613.9060	a5F3	b3D2	2809	20617	3.25 × 10−2	M1, E2
17834.939	0.004	5606.9718	0.0013	5605.4622	a5F2	b3D1	2687	20522	4.50 × 10−2	M1, E2
17907.832	0.003	5584.1489	0.0010	5582.6452	a3H6	d3F4	12706	30614	1.18	E2
17917.107	0.004	5581.2582	0.0013	5579.7552	a5F1	b3D1	2605	20522	2.26 × 10−2	M1, E2
17992.425	0.003	5557.8945	0.0010	5556.3976	a3H5	d3F4	12621	30614	1.27 × 10−1	M1, E2
18020.282	0.003	5549.3027	0.0010	5547.8081	a3H5	d3F3	12621	30642	1.15	E2
18096.667	0.004	5525.8794	0.0011	5524.3909	a3H4	d3F3	12545	30642	1.58 × 10−1	M1, E2
18127.988	0.005	5516.3320	0.0016	5514.8459	a3H4	d3F2	12545	30673	1.29	E2
18171.968	0.003	5502.9813	0.0010	5501.4986	a5F3	a1D2	2809	20981	1.71 × 10−2	M1, E2
18398.128	0.004	5435.3356	0.0011	5433.8705	a3P2	c3F3	11908	30306	3.39 × 10−2	M1, E2
18410.267	0.004	5431.7518	0.0011	5430.2875	a3P2	c3F4	11908	30319	9.30 × 10−2	E2
18431.696	0.005	5425.4367	0.0015	5423.9741	b3F4	d3P2	13609	32041	1.06 × 10−1	E2
18497.990	0.005	5405.9928	0.0015	5404.5352	b3F3	d3P2	13543	32041	2.72 × 10−2	M1, E2
18752.727	0.005	5332.5578	0.0015	5331.1192	a3P1	c3F2	11515	30268	5.14 × 10−2	M1, E2
18756.612	0.006	5331.4532	0.0017	5330.0150	b3F3	d3P1	13543	32299	1.01 × 10−1	E2
18791.605	0.004	5321.5252	0.0010	5320.0895	a3P1	c3F3	11515	30306	6.96 × 10−2	E2
18808.374	0.006	5316.7807	0.0018	5315.3462	b3F2	d3P1	13491	32299	5.01 × 10−2	M1, E2
18929.167	0.010	5282.8526	0.0028	5281.4270	b3F2	d3P0	13491	32420	1.58 × 10−1	E2
18971.998	0.007	5270.9261	0.0020	5269.5035	a3P0	c3F2	11296	30268	5.22 × 10−2	E2
20132.374	0.005	4967.1241	0.0013	4965.7799	a3P2	d3P2	11908	32041	3.50 × 10−2	M1, E2
20390.996	0.006	4904.1253	0.0015	4902.7974	a3P2	d3P1	11908	32299	7.02 × 10−2	M1, E2
20511.789	0.010	4875.2452	0.0024	4873.9246	a3P2	d3P0	11908	32420	8.95 × 10−2	E2
20525.851	0.005	4871.9052	0.0013	4870.5855	a3P1	d3P2	11515	32041	4.48 × 10−2	M1, E2
20745.122	0.007	4820.4103	0.0016	4819.1039	a3P0	d3P2	11296	32041	1.99 × 10−2	E2
20784.473	0.006	4811.2839	0.0015	4809.9798	a3P1	d3P1	11515	32299	2.30 × 10−2	M1, E2
21208.500	0.003	4715.0906	0.0007	4713.8113	a3F4	c3F3	9098	30306	1.60 × 10−2	M1, E2
21220.639	0.003	4712.3934	0.0007	4711.1148	a3F4	c3F4	9098	30319	4.26 × 10−2	M1, E2
21425.461	0.005	4667.3441	0.0011	4666.0770	a3F3	c3F2	8842	30268	1.80 × 10−2	M1, E2
21464.339	0.003	4658.8903	0.0007	4657.6253	a3F3	c3F3	8842	30306	2.73 × 10−2	M1, E2
21516.021	0.003	4647.6995	0.0007	4646.4374	a3F4	d3F4	9098	30614	1.10 × 10−1	M1, E2
21543.878	0.003	4641.6899	0.0007	4640.4293	a3F4	d3F3	9098	30642	2.89 × 10−2	M1, E2
21627.149	0.005	4623.8180	0.0012	4622.5620	a3F2	c3F2	8640	30268	3.20 × 10−2	M1, E2
21666.027	0.004	4615.5209	0.0008	4614.2671	a3F2	c3F3	8640	30306	1.07 × 10−2	M1, E2
21771.860	0.003	4593.0848	0.0007	4591.8368	a3F3	d3F4	8842	30614	2.45 × 10−2	M1, E2
21799.717	0.003	4587.2155	0.0007	4585.9690	a3F3	d3F3	8842	30642	8.08 × 10−2	M1, E2
21831.038	0.005	4580.6342	0.0011	4579.3894	a3F3	d3F2	8842	30673	4.29 × 10−2	M1, E2
22001.405	0.004	4545.1643	0.0007	4543.9285	a3F2	d3F3	8640	30642	3.16 × 10−2	M1, E2
22032.726	0.005	4538.7030	0.0011	4537.4689	a3F2	d3F2	8640	30673	1.03 × 10−1	M1, E2
32383.948	0.010	3087.9496	0.0010	3087.0801	a5D1	d3P0	36	32420	1.10 × 10−2	M1

Notes. ^aCalculated using Birch & Downs (1994) for λ_vac > 7500 Å, and Bönsch & Potulski (1998) for all other cases. ^bTruncated energy. For the exact value, see Thorne et al. (2013). ^cCalculated transition probabilities derived from the log (gA) values given by Kurucz (2006b).

A machine-readable version of the table is available.

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The structure of Co ii is only marginally less complex, with 47 metastable levels between the 3d⁸ a³D₄ ground state and the 3d⁷(⁴F)4p z⁵F₅ lowest-lying odd level at 45197.708(1) cm⁻¹ (Pickering et al. 1998), as shown in Figure 2. Accurate energies for 41 of these levels are given by Pickering et al. (1998), and another five—the 3d⁶4s²a⁵D₁ level and the levels belonging to the c³F and a¹F terms of the 3d⁷(²F)4s configuration—by Sugar & Corliss (1985). The final metastable level, 3d⁶4s²a⁵D₀, was omitted from our calculations as, to our knowledge, no experimental value exists for its energy.

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By again applying the selection rules in Table 1, we calculated accurate Ritz wavelengths for the 782 possible parity-forbidden [Co ii] lines originating from M1 and E2 transitions between the remaining 46 levels. The most significant lines are shown in Table 3, and the remaining weaker lines in Table 5. Where a transition takes place between levels reported by Pickering et al. (1998), the uncertainty in the Ritz wavenumber is as low as 0.001 cm⁻¹, but for those that include the levels from Sugar & Corliss (1985), this value is an order of magnitude larger due to the lower accuracy with which those energy levels are known.

Table 3. Parity-forbidden Lines in Co ii with a Transition Probability of At Least 1 × 10⁻² s⁻¹ and Upper Level Excitation Less Than 5 eV

Wavenumber	Unc.	λvac	Unc.	λair	Transition		Energy (cm−1)b		A	Type
(cm−1)	(cm−1)	(Å)	(Å)	(Å)a	Lower	Upper	Lower	Upper	(s−1)c
					Level	Level	Level	Level
531.801	0.001	188040.2500	0.5001	187988.9985	a5F4	a5F3	4029	4561	1.09 × 10−2	M1
678.494	0.001	147385.2282	0.3072	147345.0570	a5F5	a5F4	3350	4029	1.24 × 10−2	M1
895.471	0.001	111673.0670	0.1764	111642.6289	b3F4	b3F3	9813	10708	1.88 × 10−2	M1
950.324	0.002	105227.2625	0.2476	105198.5811	a3F4	a3F3	0	950	2.24 × 10−2	M1
1156.905	0.003	86437.5147	0.2113	86413.9543	a3D2	a3D1	28112	29269	3.17 × 10−2	M1
1243.097	0.001	80444.2397	0.0915	80422.3125	b3P2	c3P1	24074	25318	2.65 × 10−2	M1
1609.411	0.002	62134.5281	0.0863	62117.5908	a1D2	a3P2	11651	13261	3.08 × 10−2	M1
1683.639	0.002	59395.1512	0.0789	59378.9604	a1P1	a3D1	27585	29269	1.49 × 10−2	M1
1753.044	0.001	57043.6298	0.0460	57028.0798	a1D2	a3P1	11651	13404	2.87 × 10−2	M1
2267.621	0.001	44099.0770	0.0275	44087.0542	c3P1	a1P1	25318	27585	1.18 × 10−2	M1
2321.755	0.001	43070.8636	0.0262	43059.1210	b1G4	a3H5	25147	27469	1.49 × 10−2	M1
2597.973	0.002	38491.5444	0.0331	38481.0495	c3P2	a3D3	24886	27484	1.18 × 10−2	M1
2754.928	0.002	36298.5868	0.0295	36288.6893	b1G4	a3H4	25147	27902	1.72 × 10−2	M1
3173.659	0.001	31509.3692	0.0140	31500.7764	b3P0	a1P1	24411	27585	3.94 × 10−2	M1
3225.472	0.002	31003.2122	0.0215	30994.7573	c3P2	a3D2	24886	28112	1.68 × 10−2	M1
3317.756	0.001	30140.8521	0.0128	30132.6321	b3P1	a1P1	24267	27585	4.23 × 10−2	M1
3407.455	0.003	29347.4141	0.0244	29339.4102	c3P0	a3D1	25861	29269	1.89 × 10−2	M1
3409.953	0.002	29325.9153	0.0192	29317.9173	b3P2	a3D3	24074	27484	1.31 × 10−2	M1
3461.429	0.002	28889.8004	0.0187	28881.9212	a3H6	a1H5	27106	30567	1.11 × 10−2	M1
3510.718	0.001	28484.1998	0.0115	28476.4310	b3P2	a1P1	24074	27585	2.87 × 10−2	M1
3522.704	0.001	28387.2823	0.0114	28379.5399	a3G5	b1G4	21625	25147	1.41 × 10−2	M1
3614.274	0.002	27668.0719	0.0171	27660.5254	a1P1	b1D2	27585	31199	1.97 × 10−2	M1
3715.039	0.003	26917.6159	0.0205	26910.2738	a3D3	b1D2	27484	31199	3.20 × 10−2	M1
3951.260	0.002	25308.3809	0.0143	25301.4770	c3P1	a3D1	25318	29269	7.19 × 10−2	M1
4037.452	0.002	24768.0946	0.0137	24761.3378	b3P2	a3D2	24074	28112	2.20 × 10−2	M1
4382.377	0.002	22818.6651	0.0116	22812.4391	c3P2	a3D1	24886	29269	6.44 × 10−2	M1
4857.298	0.002	20587.5763	0.0095	20581.9576	b3P0	a3D1	24411	29269	1.52 × 10−2	M1
5481.215	0.002	18244.1289	0.0074	18239.1480	a3G5	a3H6	21625	27106	3.80 × 10−2	M1
5487.730	0.002	18222.4696	0.0074	18217.4946	a3G3	a3H4	22414	27902	2.85 × 10−2	M1
5844.459	0.001	17110.2223	0.0041	17105.5500	a3G5	a3H5	21625	27469	3.87 × 10−2	M1
5892.816	0.002	16969.8143	0.0064	16965.1801	a3G4	a3H4	22009	27902	6.87 × 10−2	M1
5928.741	0.002	16866.9863	0.0064	16862.3800	a5P1	b3P1	18339	24267	4.20 × 10−2	M1
6072.838	0.002	16466.7645	0.0061	16462.2671	a5P1	b3P0	18339	24411	6.94 × 10−2	M1
6117.161	0.001	16347.4515	0.0038	16342.9866	a5F1	b3F2	5205	11322	1.35 × 10−2	M1
6302.912	0.001	15865.6813	0.0036	15861.3474	a5P3	b3P2	17772	24074	1.61 × 10−2	M1
6313.012	0.002	15840.2983	0.0056	15835.9713	c3P2	b1D2	24886	31199	1.61 × 10−1	M1
6462.365	0.001	15474.2100	0.0034	15469.9825	a5F5	b3F4	3350	9813	2.81 × 10−2	M1
6547.759	0.002	15272.3998	0.0052	15268.2272	a5P1	c3P2	18339	24886	1.87 × 10−2	M1
6854.972	0.001	14587.9506	0.0030	14583.9641	a5P2	c3P2	18031	24886	9.26 × 10−2	M1
6932.030	0.002	14425.7877	0.0047	14421.8453	b3P1	b1D2	24267	31199	2.56 × 10−2	M1
6978.876	0.002	14328.9540	0.0046	14325.0379	a5P1	c3P1	18339	25318	1.33 × 10−1	M1
7114.892	0.001	14055.0261	0.0028	14051.1845	a5P3	c3P2	17772	24886	1.68 × 10−1	M1
7522.682	0.003	13293.1322	0.0050	13289.4976	a5P1	c3P0	18339	25861	1.35 × 10−1	M1
8557.829	0.001	11685.2072	0.0019	11682.0092	a3G4	a1H5	22009	30567	4.33 × 10−2	M1
8942.645	0.001	11182.3744	0.0018	11179.3128	a3G5	a1H5	21625	30567	1.05 × 10−1	M1
9246.498	0.002	10814.9057	0.0026	10811.9438	a5P1	a1P1	18339	27585	2.04 × 10−2	M1
9452.946	0.002	10578.7131	0.0025	10575.8153	a5P2	a3D3	18031	27484	1.65 × 10−2	M1
9712.866	0.002	10295.6227	0.0024	10292.8016	a5P3	a3D3	17772	27484	5.69 × 10−2	M1
9724.663	0.002	10283.1330	0.0024	10280.3153	a3F2	b3F2	1597	11322	2.69 × 10−2	M1, E2
9758.007	0.002	10247.9946	0.0023	10245.1865	a3F3	b3F3	950	10708	2.25 × 10−2	E2
9773.232	0.003	10232.0300	0.0030	10229.2262	a5P1	a3D2	18339	28112	1.21 × 10−2	M1
9812.860	0.001	10190.7093	0.0015	10187.9166	a3F4	b3F4	0	9813	3.43 × 10−2	E2
10054.080	0.002	9946.2112	0.0022	9943.4848	a3F2	a1D2	1597	11651	7.91 × 10−2	M1, E2
10080.445	0.002	9920.1973	0.0022	9917.4779	a5P2	a3D2	18031	28112	4.37 × 10−2	M1
10371.536	0.002	9641.7737	0.0021	9639.1298	a3F3	b3F2	950	11322	2.02 × 10−2	M1, E2
10700.953	0.002	9344.9623	0.0020	9342.3988	a3F3	a1D2	950	11651	1.71 × 10−1	M1
10708.331	0.001	9338.5237	0.0012	9335.9619	a3F4	b3F3	0	10708	1.51 × 10−2	E2
10863.061	0.001	9205.5087	0.0012	9202.9829	a3P1	b3P1	13404	24267	1.18 × 10−2	E2
11006.694	0.002	9085.3804	0.0018	9082.8872	a3P2	b3P1	13261	24267	2.33 × 10−2	E2
11092.571	0.001	9015.0428	0.0011	9012.5686	b3F2	a3G3	11322	22414	2.39 × 10−2	M1
11150.791	0.002	8967.9738	0.0018	8965.5124	a3P2	b3P0	13261	24411	4.62 × 10−2	E2
11482.079	0.001	8709.2243	0.0011	8706.8328	a3P1	c3P2	13404	24886	1.88 × 10−2	E2
11593.446	0.001	8625.5632	0.0011	8623.1944	a1G4	a1H5	18974	30567	8.28 × 10−2	E2
11625.712	0.002	8601.6238	0.0017	8599.2615	a3P2	c3P2	13261	24886	1.18 × 10−2	E2
11663.491	0.003	8573.7625	0.0021	8571.4076	a3F2	a3P2	1597	13261	1.75 × 10−2	M1
11706.100	0.001	8542.5549	0.0010	8540.2085	b3F3	a3G3	10708	22414	3.93 × 10−2	M1
11811.669	0.001	8466.2042	0.0010	8463.8784	b3F4	a3G5	9813	21625	3.78 × 10−2	M1
11996.091	0.004	8336.0489	0.0025	8333.7583	a3F2	a3P0	1597	13593	3.11 × 10−2	E2
12196.485	0.001	8199.0837	0.0010	8196.8301	b3F4	a3G4	9813	22009	4.85 × 10−2	M1
12310.364	0.003	8123.2367	0.0019	8121.0037	a3F3	a3P2	950	13261	6.77 × 10−2	M1, E2
12453.997	0.002	8029.5508	0.0014	8027.3430	a3F3	a3P1	950	13404	2.45 × 10−2	E2
12616.105	0.001	7926.3767	0.0009	7924.1968	a1D2	b3P1	11651	24267	4.20 × 10−2	E2
12760.202	0.001	7836.8666	0.0009	7834.7108	a1D2	b3P0	11651	24411	4.12 × 10−2	E2
12945.522	0.001	7724.6789	0.0008	7722.5534	b3F2	b3P1	11322	24267	1.52 × 10−2	E2
13089.619	0.001	7639.6418	0.0008	7637.5393	b3F2	b3P0	11322	24411	2.12 × 10−2	E2
13133.942	0.002	7613.8604	0.0013	7611.7648	a5F1	a5P1	5205	18339	1.23 × 10−2	E2
13235.123	0.001	7555.6533	0.0008	7553.5734	a1D2	c3P2	11651	24886	1.90 × 10−2	M1, E2
13260.688	0.002	7541.0869	0.0013	7539.0110	a3F4	a3P2	0	13261	2.80 × 10−2	E2
13388.578	0.002	7469.0531	0.0012	7467.0583	a5F2	a5P1	4950	18339	1.50 × 10−2	E2
13470.638	0.001	7423.5534	0.0008	7421.5705	a5F3	a5P2	4561	18031	1.39 × 10−2	E2
13495.956	0.001	7409.6270	0.0008	7407.6477	a1D2	b1G4	11651	25147	5.39 × 10−2	E2
13559.051	0.001	7375.1474	0.0008	7373.1772	b3F3	b3P1	10708	24267	2.35 × 10−2	E2
13564.540	0.001	7372.1630	0.0008	7370.1935	b3F2	c3P2	11322	24886	1.81 × 10−2	M1
13742.519	0.001	7276.6863	0.0007	7274.7418	a5F4	a5P3	4029	17772	1.05 × 10−2	E2
13777.851	0.002	7258.0260	0.0012	7256.0863	a5F3	a5P1	4561	18339	1.04 × 10−2	E2
14002.439	0.001	7141.6130	0.0007	7139.7037	a5F4	a5P2	4029	18031	2.00 × 10−2	E2
14178.069	0.001	7053.1467	0.0007	7051.2605	b3F3	c3P2	10708	24886	1.03 × 10−2	M1, E2
14180.817	0.001	7051.7799	0.0007	7049.8941	a3P1	a1P1	13404	27585	2.02 × 10−2	M1, E2
14223.685	0.003	7030.5269	0.0014	7028.6467	a3P2	a3D3	13261	27484	1.07 × 10−2	M1, E2
14261.560	0.001	7011.8556	0.0007	7009.9803	b3F4	b3P2	9813	24074	2.61 × 10−2	E2
14324.450	0.002	6981.0708	0.0011	6979.2035	a3P2	a1P1	13261	27585	4.70 × 10−2	E2
14421.013	0.001	6934.3256	0.0007	6932.4705	a5F5	a5P3	3350	17772	3.68 × 10−2	E2
14438.902	0.001	6925.7344	0.0007	6923.8815	b3F3	b1G4	10708	25147	1.11 × 10−1	M1
14851.184	0.003	6733.4699	0.0013	6731.6672	a3P2	a3D2	13261	28112	1.53 × 10−2	E2
15073.540	0.001	6634.1417	0.0006	6632.3649	b3F4	c3P2	9813	24886	1.65 × 10−2	E2
15334.373	0.001	6521.2969	0.0006	6519.5496	b3F4	b1G4	9813	25147	1.93 × 10−1	M1
15933.861	0.001	6275.9427	0.0006	6274.2593	a1D2	a1P1	11651	27585	1.31 × 10−1	E2
16008.089	0.003	6246.8418	0.0011	6245.1659	a3P2	a3D1	13261	29269	1.16 × 10−1	E2
16250.884	0.002	6153.5114	0.0008	6151.8598	a1D2	a3H4	11651	27902	1.14 × 10−2	E2
16263.278	0.001	6148.8219	0.0005	6147.1715	b3F2	a1P1	11322	27585	2.52 × 10−2	M1
16776.042	0.002	5960.8815	0.0008	5959.2801	b3F3	a3D3	10708	27484	6.83 × 10−2	M1
16790.012	0.002	5955.9218	0.0008	5954.3217	b3F2	a3D2	11322	28112	3.42 × 10−2	M1
17376.530	0.002	5754.8889	0.0007	5753.3409	a3F2	a1G4	1597	18974	3.76 × 10−2*	E2
17403.541	0.002	5745.9570	0.0007	5744.4114	b3F3	a3D2	10708	28112	1.34 × 10−2	M1
17448.555	0.001	5731.1335	0.0005	5729.5917	a5F3	a3G4	4561	22009	9.63 × 10−2	M1
17464.368	0.001	5725.9443	0.0005	5724.4039	a5F2	a3G3	4950	22414	6.65 × 10−2	M1
17595.540	0.001	5683.2583	0.0005	5681.7289	a5F4	a3G5	4029	21625	7.93 × 10−2	M1
17617.500	0.002	5676.1742	0.0007	5674.6466	a1D2	a3D1	11651	29269	1.96 × 10−1	E2
17671.513	0.002	5658.8249	0.0007	5657.3019	b3F4	a3D3	9813	27484	1.19 × 10−1	M1
17853.641	0.001	5601.0983	0.0004	5599.5902	a5F3	a3G3	4561	22414	8.70 × 10−2	M1
17938.724	0.003	5574.5324	0.0009	5573.0312	a3P2	b1D2	13261	31199	1.63 × 10−1	E2
17946.917	0.002	5571.9876	0.0007	5570.4870	b3F2	a3D1	11322	29269	4.76 × 10−2	M1, E2
17980.356	0.001	5561.6251	0.0004	5560.1272	a5F4	a3G4	4029	22009	2.20 × 10−1	M1
18023.403	0.002	5548.3417	0.0007	5546.8473	a3F3	a1G4	950	18974	7.09 × 10−2	M1
18274.034	0.001	5472.2454	0.0004	5470.7707	a5F5	a3G5	3350	21625	3.92 × 10−1	M1
18385.442	0.001	5439.0859	0.0004	5437.6198	a5F4	a3G3	4029	22414	1.45 × 10−2	M1
18658.850	0.001	5359.3870	0.0004	5357.9415	a5F5	a3G4	3350	22009	2.33 × 10−2	M1
18973.727	0.001	5270.4457	0.0004	5269.0232	a3F4	a1G4	0	18974	1.38 × 10−1	M1
19513.630	0.001	5124.6231	0.0004	5123.2382	a5F3	b3P2	4561	24074	1.69 × 10−2	M1
19548.135	0.002	5115.5774	0.0006	5114.1949	a1D2	b1D2	11651	31199	7.10 × 10−1	M1, E2
19877.552	0.002	5030.8005	0.0006	5029.4399	b3F2	b1D2	11322	31199	3.23 × 10−1	M1, E2
20112.818	0.001	4971.9536	0.0003	4970.6082	a5F1	c3P1	5205	25318	2.28 × 10−2	M1
20325.610	0.001	4919.9014	0.0003	4918.5694	a5F3	c3P2	4561	24886	3.03 × 10−2	M1
20367.454	0.001	4909.7937	0.0003	4908.4643	a5F2	c3P1	4950	25318	2.81 × 10−2	M1
20412.147	0.002	4899.0436	0.0005	4897.7169	a3F2	a3G4	1597	22009	2.84 × 10−2	E2
20491.081	0.002	4880.1719	0.0005	4878.8501	b3F3	b1D2	10708	31199	5.83 × 10−1	M1
20674.204	0.002	4836.9455	0.0005	4835.6348	a3F3	a3G5	950	21625	2.56 × 10−2	E2
20817.233	0.002	4803.7123	0.0005	4802.4101	a3F2	a3G3	1597	22414	4.41 × 10−1	E2
21059.020	0.002	4748.5589	0.0005	4747.2710	a3F3	a3G4	950	22009	4.64 × 10−1	E2
21464.107	0.002	4658.9407	0.0005	4657.6758	a3F3	a3G3	950	22414	1.26 × 10−1	E2
21624.529	0.001	4624.3783	0.0003	4623.1222	a3F4	a3G5	0	21625	6.38 × 10−1	E2
22009.345	0.001	4543.5247	0.0003	4542.2893	a3F4	a3G4	0	22009	1.03 × 10−1	E2
22380.440	0.001	4468.1875	0.0003	4466.9714	a5F1	a1P1	5205	27585	1.61 × 10−1	M1
22477.223	0.002	4448.9482	0.0004	4447.7371	a3F2	b3P2	1597	24074	2.96 × 10−2	E2
22534.311	0.002	4437.6774	0.0004	4436.4691	a5F2	a3D3	4950	27484	2.91 × 10−2	M1
22635.076	0.001	4417.9221	0.0003	4416.7189	a5F2	a1P1	4950	27585	3.48 × 10−1	M1
22670.185	0.002	4411.0801	0.0004	4409.8786	a3F2	b3P1	1597	24267	3.19 × 10−1	E2
22814.282	0.002	4383.2193	0.0004	4382.0250	a3F2	b3P0	1597	24411	4.14 × 10−1	E2
22907.174	0.002	4365.4447	0.0004	4364.2549	a5F1	a3D2	5205	28112	7.17 × 10−2	M1
22923.584	0.002	4362.3197	0.0004	4361.1307	a5F3	a3D3	4561	27484	1.31 × 10−2	M1
23124.096	0.002	4324.4934	0.0004	4323.3141	a3F3	b3P2	950	24074	3.58 × 10−1	E2
23161.810	0.002	4317.4519	0.0004	4316.2744	a5F2	a3D2	4950	28112	6.63 × 10−2	M1
23317.058	0.002	4288.7058	0.0004	4287.5356	a3F3	b3P1	950	24267	4.65 × 10−1	E2
23455.385	0.002	4263.4133	0.0004	4262.2496	a5F4	a3D3	4029	27484	5.91 × 10−1	M1
23550.036	0.002	4246.2781	0.0004	4245.1187	a3F2	b1G4	1597	25147	9.41 × 10−2	E2
23551.083	0.002	4246.0893	0.0004	4244.9299	a5F3	a3D2	4561	28112	7.62 × 10−1	M1
23720.320	0.002	4215.7948	0.0004	4214.6432	a3F2	c3P1	1597	25318	3.75 × 10−1	E2
24064.079	0.002	4155.5715	0.0004	4154.4352	a5F1	a3D1	5205	29269	1.74 × 10−1	M1
24074.420	0.001	4153.7865	0.0002	4152.6507	a3F4	b3P2	0	24074	2.41	E2
24264.125	0.003	4121.3108	0.0005	4120.1832	a3F2	c3P0	1597	25861	2.46	E2
24318.715	0.002	4112.0594	0.0004	4110.9342	a5F2	a3D1	4950	29269	3.71 × 10−1	M1
24367.193	0.002	4103.8786	0.0004	4102.7554	a3F3	c3P1	950	25318	1.65	E2
24886.400	0.001	4018.2590	0.0002	4017.1576	a3F4	c3P2	0	24886	3.88 × 10−2	E2
25147.233	0.001	3976.5807	0.0002	3975.4898	a3F4	b1G4	0	25147	1.29 × 10−2	M1, E2
25887.176	0.003	3862.9166	0.0004	3861.8544	a3F2	a3D3	1597	27484	3.74 × 10−2	E2
25987.941	0.002	3847.9386	0.0003	3846.8802	a3F2	a1P1	1597	27585	4.94 × 10−1	E2
26304.964	0.003	3801.5639	0.0004	3800.5172	a3F2	a3H4	1597	27902	1.50	E2
26514.675	0.003	3771.4964	0.0004	3770.4573	a3F2	a3D2	1597	28112	5.27 × 10−1	E2
26518.664	0.002	3770.9291	0.0003	3769.8901	a3F3	a3H5	950	27469	1.73	E2
26534.049	0.003	3768.7426	0.0004	3767.7042	a3F3	a3D3	950	27484	3.84 × 10−1	E2
26634.814	0.002	3754.4847	0.0003	3753.4498	a3F3	a1P1	950	27585	2.71 × 10−1	E2
26951.837	0.003	3710.3222	0.0004	3709.2985	a3F3	a3H4	950	27902	1.40 × 10−1	E2
27105.744	0.002	3689.2550	0.0003	3688.2365	a3F4	a3H6	0	27106	2.06	E2
27161.548	0.003	3681.6753	0.0004	3680.6588	a3F3	a3D2	950	28112	1.06	E2
27468.988	0.001	3640.4690	0.0002	3639.4628	a3F4	a3H5	0	27469	1.05 × 10−1	E2
27484.373	0.002	3638.4312	0.0003	3637.4255	a3F4	a3D3	0	27484	1.35	E2
27671.580	0.003	3613.8161	0.0004	3612.8165	a3F2	a3D1	1597	29269	8.69 × 10−1	E2
28111.872	0.002	3557.2160	0.0003	3556.2306	a3F4	a3D2	0	28112	9.09 × 10−2	E2
28318.453	0.003	3531.2663	0.0004	3530.2874	a3F3	a3D1	950	29269	4.61 × 10−2	E2
29616.849	0.002	3376.4564	0.0003	3375.5160	a3F3	a1H5	950	30567	4.39 × 10−2	E2
30249.088	0.003	3305.8848	0.0003	3304.9618	a3F3	b1D2	950	31199	1.50 × 10−2	M1, E2

Notes. ^aCalculated using Birch & Downs (1994) for λ_vac > 7500 Å, and Bönsch & Potulski (1998) for all other cases. ^bTruncated energy. For the exact value, scale the energies given in Pickering et al. (1998) by 7 parts in 10⁸. ^cCalculated transition probabilities taken from Raassen et al. (1998). The line at 17376.531 cm⁻¹ (*) is not given by Raassen et al. (1998), so the value shown is from Quinet (1998).

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Table 4. Parity-forbidden Lines in V ii with a Transition Probability Less Than 1 × 10⁻² s⁻¹ or Upper Level Excitation Greater Than 5 eV

Wavenumber	Unc.	λvac	Unc.	λair	Transition		Energy (cm−1)b		A	Type
(cm−1)	(cm−1)	(Å)	(Å)	(Å)a	Lower	Upper	Lower	Upper	(s−1)c
					Level	Level	Level	Level
4.892	0.004	20441537.2036	17728.1475	20435965.8233	b3P0	b3P1	19161	19166	1.79 × 10−9	M1
5.910	0.004	16920473.7733	12146.7835	16915862.0656	b3D2	b3D3	20617	20623	2.29 × 10−9	M1, E2
12.139	0.004	8237910.8658	2879.1907	8235665.6073	c3F3	c3F4	30306	30319	3.62 × 10−8	M1, E2
14.216	0.004	7034327.5183	2040.1854	7032410.2988	a5P2	b3F4	13595	13609	1.17 × 10−18	E2
19.862	0.003	5034739.7040	801.5932	5033367.4759	b1G4	b3P2	19113	19133	3.80 × 10−19	E2
20.916	0.003	4781028.8774	646.5286	4779725.7988	b3F2	a5P1	13491	13512	2.43 × 10−18	E2
24.357	0.004	4105595.9272	607.7488	4104476.9391	a3D1	a3D2	18270	18294	3.14 × 10−7	M1, E2
27.857	0.004	3589761.9988	546.7233	3588783.6022	d3F4	d3F3	30614	30642	5.57 × 10−7	M1, E2
28.631	0.004	3492717.6836	517.5630	3491765.7367	b3P2	b3P0	19133	19161	5.03 × 10−16	E2
30.846	0.002	3241911.4310	235.0105	3241027.8417	a5P1	b3F3	13512	13543	1.79 × 10−17	E2

Notes. ^aCalculated using Birch & Downs (1994) for λ_vac > 7500 Å, and Bönsch & Potulski (1998) for all other cases. ^bTruncated energy. For the exact value, see Thorne et al. (2013). ^cCalculated transition probabilities derived from the log (gA) values given by Kurucz (2006b).

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Table 5. Parity-forbidden Lines in Co ii with a Transition Probability Less Than 1 × 10⁻² s⁻¹ or Upper Level Excitation Greater Than 5 eV

Wavenumber	Unc.	λvac	Unc.	λair	Transition		Energy (cm−1)b		A	Type
(cm−1)	(cm−1)	(Å)	(Å)	(Å)a	Lower	Upper	Lower	Upper	(s−1)c
					Level	Level	Level	Level
15.385	0.002	6499837.0491	944.6914	6498065.5060	a3H5	a3D3	27469	27484	2.03 × 10−20	E2
76.085	0.031	1314319.4191	536.3402	1313961.1987	a5D4	c3F2	40695	40771
100.765	0.002	992408.0087	22.0224	992137.5259	a3D3	a1P1	27484	27585	4.86 × 10−17	E2
108.330	0.042	923105.2617	361.5253	922853.6674	c3F2	c3F3	40771	40879	3.28 × 10−5	M1, E2
143.633	0.002	696218.7868	10.8387	696029.0308	a3P2	a3P1	13261	13404	5.18 × 10−5	M1, E2
144.097	0.001	693976.9253	6.8109	693787.7803	b3P1	b3P0	24267	24411	1.44 × 10−4	M1
167.620	0.042	596587.4776	151.0026	596424.8763	c3F3	c3F4	40879	41047	9.50 × 10−5	M1, E2
184.415	0.031	542255.2016	91.2948	542107.4086	a5D4	c3F3	40695	40879	4.78 × 10−9	M1, E2
188.967	0.003	529192.8908	8.8558	529048.6580	a3P1	a3P0	13404	13593	3.64 × 10−4	M1
192.962	0.001	518236.7150	3.7981	518095.4683	b3P2	b3P1	24074	24267	8.14 × 10−5	M1, E2

Notes. ^aCalculated using Birch & Downs (1994) for λ_vac > 7500 Å, and Bönsch & Potulski (1998) for all other cases. ^bTruncated energy. For the exact value, scale the energies given in Pickering et al. (1998) by 7 parts in 10⁸. ^cCalculated transition probabilities of 1 × 10⁻³ or greater were taken from Raassen et al. (1998) unless marked with a * or †. Values less than 1 × 10⁻³ were derived from the log (gA) values given by Kurucz (2006b). ^*Transition probability greater than 1 × 10⁻³ taken from Quinet (1998). ^†Transition probability greater than 1 × 10⁻³ derived from the log (gA) values given by Kurucz (2006b).

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