Table of contents

This paper is the first systematic review of experimental research on diamagnetic (aka Condon) domains that form in nonmagnetic metals at low temperatures due to the development of Landau levels. A variety of methods were used to study the domains. Muon spectroscopy studies showed such domains to be present in all metals studied, pointing to the universal nature of the phenomenon. For silver, the domain structure size as measured by Hall microsensors turned out to be an order of magnitude larger than expected. In beryllium, it was found that domains do not come to the surface but rather remain in the bulk of the crystal. The magnetostriction of beryllium during domain formation is measured. It is shown that magnetization current in a domain wall is entirely caused by the charge density gradient in the wall, due to the lattice being deformed oppositely in neighboring domains. It is observed for the first time that the de Haas–van Alphen effect exhibits hysteresis at the transition to the domain state, and this fact was used for the experimental determination of the phase diagrams for the domain states of silver and beryllium.

Basic physical ideas and methods that are used to improve the quality of modern thermoelectric materials and to increase the thermoelectric figure-of-merit are reviewed, with special emphasis on how nanostructure affects the thermoelectric properties of materials.

This paper presents experimental results on galactic cosmic ray nuclei in olivine crystals from the Marjalahti and Eagle Station pallasites. The charge spectrum of the nuclei is measured to be in good agreement with the experimental data from the HEAO-3 and ARIEL-6 satellite missions.

Submerged barriers, single or double, can be used to greatly reduce the devastating effect of a tsunami wave according to a research flume study conducted at Tel Aviv University.

A discussion is given of the use of the dual representation in solving multipole radiation and electromagnetic wave diffraction problems in classical electrodynamics. In the method discussed, actual electric field sources are replaced by 'magnetic' ones. It is shown that despite the absence of Dirac magnetic monopoles, such formalism allows for a physical interpretation of some frequently used methods.

Some scientists are birds, others are frogs. Birds fly high in the air and survey broad vistas of mathematics out to the far horizon. They delight in concepts that unify our thinking and bring together diverse problems from different parts of the landscape. Frogs live in the mud below and see only the flowers that grow nearby. They delight in the details of particular objects, and they solve problems one at a time. A brief history of mathematics and its applications in physics is presented in this article.

V A Fock, in 1926, was the first to have the idea of an Abelian gradient transformation and to discover that the electromagnetic interaction of charged particles has a gradient invariance in the framework of quantum mechanics. These transformation and invariance were respectively named Eichtransformation and Eichinvarianz by H Weyl in 1929 (the German verb zu eichen means to gauge). The first non-Abelian gauge theory was suggested by O Klein in 1938; and in 1954, C N Yang and R L Mills rediscovered the non-Abelian gauge symmetry. Gauge invariance is the underlying principle of the current Standard Model of strong and electroweak interactions.

The Schrödinger wave equation and the equations of motion are written as an invariant Laplace equation and the equation for a geodesic in five-dimensional space, respectively. The superfluous fifth coordinate is closely related to the linear differential form of the electromagnetic potential.

• Opening address, A F Andreev Physics-Uspekhi, 2010, Volume 53, Number 8, Pages 843–844 • Triangular lattice antiferromagnet RbFe(MoO₄)₂, A I Smirnov, L E Svistov, L A Prozorova, O A Petrenko, M Hagiwara Physics-Uspekhi, 2010, Volume 53, Number 8, Pages 844–848 • Spin superfluidity and magnons Bose-Einstein condensation, Yu M Bunkov Physics-Uspekhi, 2010, Volume 53, Number 8, Pages 848–853 • Kinetics and Bose-Einstein condensation of parametrically driven magnons at room temperature, O Dzyapko, V E Demidov, S O DemokritovPhysics-Uspekhi, 2010, Volume 53, Number 8, Pages 853–858