To what extent would statistical mechanics approaches help to represent languages from the Americas? Is it possible to extract useful information about the relationships between these languages? This work studies a graph-based approach to extract information from text corpora of languages of the Americas. Each language is viewed as the set of eigenvalues obtained from the Laplacian matrix of co-occurrence graphs. The results suggest that our graph-based feature extraction technique is partly comparable to the knowledge contained in typological databases. We argue that our approach might propose a solution to the lack of textual resources for low-resource languages.

One of the interesting models we occasionally come across in physics is the inverted harmonic oscillator. This paper demonstrates that the dynamics of the flat Friedmann minisuperspace cosmological model, in both classical and quantum scenarios, can be reduced to analyzing the dynamics of the one-dimensional inverted harmonic oscillator with a time-dependent frequency. Early in the paper, following the standard approach, the Lagrangian for the flat Friedmann model is constructed, which takes the form of the Lagrangian for the inverted harmonic oscillator with a time-dependent frequency. The classical action and the Feynman propagator are determined in spaces with both non-ultrametric and ultrametric geometries. For the quantum mechanical form of the model over ultrametric space, vacuum p-adic states and the conditions of their existence have been determined. At the end of the paper, the adelization of the model pointed to the necessity of discretization of the minisuperspace in the early stages of dynamic evolution.

In this article, the two-temperature model and the mechanism of effective interaction potentials are used to study the thermal relaxation of hot and dense non-isothermal plasma fuels such as DT, D³He, and P¹¹B. In this work, we do not consider the ion and electron temperatures to be the same because the temperature inside the electron and ion subsystems reaches equilibrium much faster than the temperature between electrons and ions. This is due to the difference between the masses of ion and electron. Simulations and calculations for fusion by confinement are very complex because many different physical processes occur and it takes a lot of time to do these calculations. Therefore, we used the method of effective interaction potentials for the first time in this work because this method can provide accurate and fast calculations for dense plasmas. The effective interaction potentials include two parts: (a) charge overlap effects at long distances and (b) quantum effects at short distances. We calculate the stopping power, energy absorption, transfer coefficients, deceleration time, and temperature relaxation related to non-isothermal dense hot plasma of DT, D³He and P¹¹B fuels and select their optimal ones.

We investigate the effects of coupled ϕCDM on cosmic structure formation, focusing on the evolution of star formation and dark matter halos. Using the coupled ϕCDM model, we analyze the coupling between dark energy and dark matter and its impact on the universe's expansion. Our results indicate that interaction modifies the mass accretion rate of halos and the overall star formation rate, leading to a slower expansion compared to the ΛCDM model. The interaction term $Q=3\,\alpha \dot {\rho }_{m}$ significantly influences the scale factor evolution and density perturbations. Initially, structure formation is suppressed due to enhanced expansion, but later growth resumes as energy exchange alters gravitational collapse. The Press-Schechter formalism reveals a transition from mass loss to mass gain in halos, affecting star formation rates at different scales. Our findings suggest that interacting dark energy models provide a dynamic framework for understanding cosmic evolution, with implications for future cosmological studies.

Using an underdamped active Ornstein-Uhlenbeck particle, we propose two information swimmer models having either external or internal feedback control and perform their numerical simulations. Depending on the velocity that is measured after every fixed time interval (measurement time), the friction coefficient is modified in the externally controlled model, whereas the persistence time for the activity is changed in the internally controlled one. In the steady state, both of these information swimmers acquire finite average velocities in the noisy environment, and their efficiencies can be maximized by tuning the measurement time. The internally controlled swimmer can generally achieve a larger velocity and efficiency than the externally controlled one when the active fluctuation is large.

A solvable model of noise effects on globally coupled limit cycle oscillators is proposed. These oscillators are subject to the influence of independent and additive white Gaussian noise. The averaged motion equation of the system with infinitely coupled oscillators is derived without any approximation through an analysis based on the nonlinear Fokker--Planck equation. It is demonstrated that with an increase in the noise intensity, a transition from periodic synchronization to chaotic synchronization occurs, which is associated with the emergence of macroscopic chaotic behavior.

The effectiveness of a quantum battery relies on a robust charging process, yet these are often sensitive to the initial state of the battery.
We introduce the concept of a universally-charging (UC) protocol, defined as one that either increases or maintains the average battery energy for all initial states, without ever decreasing it.
 We show that UC protocols are impossible for closed quantum batteries, thus necessitating interactions with auxiliary quantum systems.
 To that end, we prove a no-go theorem which prohibits UC protocols for closed quantum batteries with finite-dimensional Hilbert spaces.
 Leveraging a no-go theorem for topological quantum walks, we argue that even for infinite-dimensional Hilbert spaces, while unitary UC operators exist, they cannot be generated by physically reasonable Hamiltonians.
 However, regardless of the dimension, non-unitary UC protocols can be achieved in open quantum batteries.
 To illustrate this, we present a general model with a control qubit, whose state interpolates between universal-charging and universal-discharging protocols.

We report the discovery of highly localized structures travelling over a one-dimensional pattern of Faraday waves in a vertically-vibrated fluid layer confined in a thin annular cell. These propagating structures emerge spontaneously beyond a threshold and coexist with the underlying pattern. They move at constant speed, in trains of sharp peaks that co- and counter-propagate along the cell, with velocities largely exceeding the Faraday waves drift. Our results raise the question whether propagating localized structures are also observable in other parametrically driven systems in physics.

We discuss, at leading order in , the quantum mechanics of a specific realization in phase space of the Yang model describing noncommutative geometry in a curved background. In particular, we show how the deformation of the Heisenberg uncertainty relations crucially depends on the signs of the coupling constants of the model. We also discuss the dynamics of the free particle and of the harmonic oscillator. Also in this case the results depend on the signs of the coupling constants.

To explore the thermal transport procedure driven by temperature gradient in terms of linear response theory, Luttinger and Tatara proposed the thermal scalar and vector potentials, respectively. In this manuscript, we try to address the microscopic origin of these phenomenological thermal potentials. Based on the temperature dependent damping force derived from quantum Boltzmann equation (QBE), we express the thermal scalar and vector potentials by the distribution function in damping force, which originates from the scattering of conduction electrons. We illustrate this by the scattering of electron-impurity interaction in a transport system. The temperature and temperature gradient will appear in the thermal potentials, which is conceded to the previous work[1,2]. The influence from quantum correction terms of QBE are also considered, which contributes not only to the damping force, but also to the anomalous velocity in the velocity term. An approximated solution for the QBE is given, the numerical results for the damping force, thermal current density as well as other physical observable are shown in figures.

A solvable model of noise effects on globally coupled limit cycle oscillators is proposed. These oscillators are subject to the influence of independent and additive white Gaussian noise. The averaged motion equation of the system with infinitely coupled oscillators is derived without any approximation through an analysis based on the nonlinear Fokker--Planck equation. It is demonstrated that with an increase in the noise intensity, a transition from periodic synchronization to chaotic synchronization occurs, which is associated with the emergence of macroscopic chaotic behavior.

Using an underdamped active Ornstein-Uhlenbeck particle, we propose two information swimmer models having either external or internal feedback control and perform their numerical simulations. Depending on the velocity that is measured after every fixed time interval (measurement time), the friction coefficient is modified in the externally controlled model, whereas the persistence time for the activity is changed in the internally controlled one. In the steady state, both of these information swimmers acquire finite average velocities in the noisy environment, and their efficiencies can be maximized by tuning the measurement time. The internally controlled swimmer can generally achieve a larger velocity and efficiency than the externally controlled one when the active fluctuation is large.

We discuss, at leading order in , the quantum mechanics of a specific realization in phase space of the Yang model describing noncommutative geometry in a curved background. In particular, we show how the deformation of the Heisenberg uncertainty relations crucially depends on the signs of the coupling constants of the model. We also discuss the dynamics of the free particle and of the harmonic oscillator. Also in this case the results depend on the signs of the coupling constants.

The standard barometric equation predicts the molecular concentration $n(z)=n_{0}\,\exp (-z/L)$ where $L=k_{B}T/mg$. Because the mean free path $l=1/n\sigma$ increases exponentially, we show that at high altitudes z, the equation is no longer within the domain of applicability of the standard kinetic theory $l\ll L$. Here, we predict the dependence $n(z)\propto z^{-2}$ for the case $l\gg L$ in uniform gravity. It corresponds to a non-stationary planetary atmosphere with hydrogen accretion. The predicted accretion is accompanied by a release of gravitational potential energy that leads to heating of the atmosphere. In that context, we suggest that gravitational energy could be the elusive source that drives the formation of stellar coronas. Other consequences of accretion are: slowly decaying tails of planetary atmospheres, the existence of gas giants, and periodical hydrogen explosions of white dwarfs.

We extend the rejection-free event-chain Monte-Carlo approach to a liquid crystal system consisting of infinitely thin hard triangles. This triangle liquid crystal behaves very similar to hard circular platelets, which are an important model system for discotic liquid crystals. We investigate the isotropic-nematic phase transition of the triangle liquid crystal in detail measuring orientational order parameter, susceptibility, and equation of state. Our results suggest that the transition is discontinuous. In the event-chain Monte-Carlo simulation, we treat the three vertices of triangles as relevant degrees of freedom and derive lifting probabilities that guarantee maximal global balance of the algorithm. We also present a novel approach to derive the lifting probabilities from diffusional splitting probabilities on the hard object. We achieve considerable performance gains as compared to standard local Monte-Carlo techniques, which we substantiate by comparison of auto-correlation times. With the application to triangle liquid crystals, we present the first event-chain Monte-Carlo simulation of surface-like objects, which widens the applicability of the event-chain Monte-Carlo technique considerably. The lifting rules that we derive for isolated triangles will also be applicable to extended triangulated surfaces.

We investigate theoretically the role of thermal fluctuations, and imposed fluid flow, on the paradigmatic properties of a highly confined membrane vesicle inside a very narrow capillary tube. We quantitatively find that the size of the slender gap between a tightly fitting incompressible vesicle and an enclosing cylindrical tube depends on a subtle interplay between membrane area dilation, vesicle fluctuations, and capillary fluid flow. It is found that in the fluid flow dominated regime, the gap size grows with increasing fluid velocity as a power law, and we are able to calculate the extra hydrodynamic pressure drop due to the presence of the vesicle, as well as the vesicle's relative mobility. Alternatively, below a critical fluid velocity, we find that for the vesicle fluctuation dominated regime the gap size becomes essentially independent of fluid flow. This work is therefore likely to be of crucial importance for considerations of the stalling and dynamic arrest of tightly confined vesicles in narrow constrictions. Possible applications of this work might thus also include biological transport, microfluidics, and drug delivery.

Bell's theorem states that no model that respects Local Causality and Statistical Independence can account for the correlations predicted by quantum mechanics via entangled states. This paper proposes a new approach, using backward-in-time conditional probabilities, which relaxes conventional assumptions of temporal ordering while preserving Statistical Independence as a "fine-tuning" condition. It is shown how such models can account for EPR/Bell correlations and, analogously, the GHZ predictions while nevertheless forbidding superluminal signalling.

Lubrication flows between two solid surfaces can be found in a variety of biological and engineering settings. In many of these systems, the lubricant exhibits viscoelastic properties, which modify the associated lubrication forces. Here, we experimentally study viscoelastic lubrication by considering the motion of a submerged cylinder sliding down an incline. We demonstrate that cylinders move faster when released in a viscoelastic Boger liquid compared to a Newtonian liquid with similar viscosity. Cylinders exhibit pure sliding motion in viscoelastic liquids, in contrast to the stick-slip motion observed in Newtonian liquids. We rationalize our results by using the second-order fluid model, which predicts a lift force on the cylinder arising from the normal-stress differences. The interplay between viscoelastic lift, viscous friction, and gravity leads to a prediction for the sliding speed, which is consistent with our experimental results for weakly viscoelastic flows. Finally, we identify a remarkable difference between the lubrication of cylindrical and spherical contacts, as the latter do not exhibit any lift for weak viscoelasticity.

We study networks of nodes characterised by binary traits that change both endogenously and through nearest-neighbour interaction. Our analytical results show that those traits can be ranked according to the noisiness of their transmission using only measures of order in the stationary state. Crucially, this ranking is independent of network topology. As an example, we explain why, in line with a long-standing hypothesis, the relative stability of the structural traits of languages can be estimated from their geospatial distribution. We conjecture that similar inferences may be possible in a more general class of Markovian systems. Consequently, in many empirical domains where longitudinal information is not easily available the propensities of traits to change could be estimated from spatial data alone.

Gathering information about a system enables greater control over it. This principle lies at the core of information engines, which use measurement-based feedback to rectify thermal noise and convert information into work. Originating from Maxwell's and Szilard's thought experiments, the thermodynamics of information engines has steadily advanced, with recent experimental realizations pushing the field forward. Coupled with technological advances and developments in nonequilibrium thermodynamics, novel implementations of information engines continue to challenge theoretical understanding. In this perspective, we discuss recent progress and highlight new opportunities, such as applying information engines to active, many-body, and inertial systems and leveraging tools like optimal control to design their driving protocols.