Observation of a kilogram-scale oscillator near its quantum ground state

B Abbott¹, R Abbott¹, R Adhikari¹, P Ajith², B Allen^2,3, G Allen⁴, R Amin⁵, S B Anderson¹, W G Anderson³, M A Arain⁶, M Araya¹, H Armandula¹, P Armor³, Y Aso⁷, S Aston⁸, P Aufmuth⁹, C Aulbert², S Babak¹⁰, S Ballmer¹, H Bantilan¹¹, B C Barish¹, C Barker¹², D Barker¹², B Barr¹³, P Barriga¹⁴, M A Barton¹³, M Bastarrika¹³, K Bayer¹⁵, J Betzwieser¹, P T Beyersdorf¹⁶, I A Bilenko¹⁷, G Billingsley¹, R Biswas³, E Black¹, K Blackburn¹, L Blackburn¹⁵, D Blair¹⁴, B Bland¹², T P Bodiya¹⁵, L Bogue¹⁸, R Bork¹, V Boschi¹, S Bose¹⁹, P R Brady³, V B Braginsky¹⁷, J E Brau²⁰, M Brinkmann², A Brooks¹, D A Brown²¹, G Brunet¹⁵, A Bullington⁴, A Buonanno²², O Burmeister², R L Byer⁴, L Cadonati²³, G Cagnoli¹³, J B Camp²⁴, J Cannizzo²⁴, K Cannon¹, J Cao¹⁵, L Cardenas¹, T Casebolt⁴, G Castaldi²⁵, C Cepeda¹, E Chalkley¹³, P Charlton²⁶, S Chatterji¹, S Chelkowski⁸, Y Chen^10,27, N Christensen¹¹, D Clark⁴, J Clark¹³, T Cokelaer²⁸, R Conte²⁹, D Cook¹², T Corbitt¹⁵, D Coyne¹, J D E Creighton³, A Cumming¹³, L Cunningham¹³, R M Cutler⁸, J Dalrymple²¹, S Danilishin¹⁷, K Danzmann^2,9, G Davies²⁸, D DeBra⁴, J Degallaix¹⁰, M Degree⁴, V Dergachev³⁰, S Desai³¹, R DeSalvo¹, S Dhurandhar³², M Díaz³³, J Dickson³⁴, A Dietz²⁸, F Donovan¹⁵, K L Dooley⁶, E E Doomes³⁵, R W P Drever³⁶, I Duke¹⁵, J-C Dumas¹⁴, R J Dupuis¹, J G Dwyer⁷, C Echols¹, A Effler¹², P Ehrens¹, E Espinoza¹, T Etzel¹, T Evans¹⁸, S Fairhurst²⁸, Y Fan¹⁴, D Fazi¹, H Fehrmann², M M Fejer⁴, L S Finn³¹, K Flasch³, N Fotopoulos³, A Freise⁸, R Frey²⁰, T Fricke^1,37, P Fritschel¹⁵, V V Frolov¹⁸, M Fyffe¹⁸, J Garofoli¹², I Gholami¹⁰, J A Giaime^5,18, S Giampanis³⁷, K D Giardina¹⁸, K Goda¹⁵, E Goetz³⁰, L Goggin¹, G González⁵, S Gossler², R Gouaty⁵, A Grant¹³, S Gras¹⁴, C Gray¹², M Gray³⁴, R J S Greenhalgh³⁸, A M Gretarsson³⁹, F Grimaldi¹⁵, R Grosso³³, H Grote², S Grunewald¹⁰, M Guenther¹², E K Gustafson¹, R Gustafson³⁰, B Hage⁹, J M Hallam⁸, D Hammer³, C Hanna⁵, J Hanson¹⁸, J Harms², G Harry¹⁵, E Harstad²⁰, K Hayama³³, T Hayler³⁸, J Heefner¹, I S Heng¹³, M Hennessy⁴, A Heptonstall¹³, M Hewitson², S Hild⁸, E Hirose²¹, D Hoak¹⁸, D Hosken⁴⁰, J Hough¹³, S H Huttner¹³, D Ingram¹², M Ito²⁰, A Ivanov¹, B Johnson¹², W W Johnson⁵, D I Jones⁴¹, G Jones²⁸, R Jones¹³, L Ju¹⁴, P Kalmus⁷, V Kalogera⁴², S Kamat⁷, J Kanner²², D Kasprzyk⁸, E Katsavounidis¹⁵, K Kawabe¹², S Kawamura⁴³, F Kawazoe⁴³, W Kells¹, D G Keppel¹, F Ya Khalili¹⁷, R Khan⁷, E Khazanov⁴⁴, C Kim⁴², P King¹, J S Kissel⁵, S Klimenko⁶, K Kokeyama⁴³, V Kondrashov¹, R K Kopparapu³¹, D Kozak¹, I Kozhevatov⁴⁴, B Krishnan¹⁰, P Kwee⁹, P K Lam³⁴, M Landry¹², M M Lang³¹, B Lantz⁴, A Lazzarini¹, M Lei¹, N Leindecker⁴, V Leonhardt⁴³, I Leonor²⁰, K Libbrecht¹, H Lin⁶, P Lindquist¹, N A Lockerbie⁴⁵, D Lodhia⁸, M Lormand¹⁸, P Lu⁴, M Lubinski¹², A Lucianetti⁶, H Lück^2,9, B Machenschalk², M MacInnis¹⁵, M Mageswaran¹, K Mailand¹, V Mandic⁴⁶, S Márka⁷, Z Márka⁷, A Markosyan⁴, J Markowitz¹⁵, E Maros¹, I Martin¹³, R M Martin⁶, J N Marx¹, K Mason¹⁵, F Matichard⁵, L Matone⁷, R Matzner⁴⁷, N Mavalvala¹⁵, R McCarthy¹², D E McClelland³⁴, S C McGuire³⁵, M McHugh⁴⁸, G McIntyre¹, G McIvor⁴⁷, D McKechan²⁸, K McKenzie³⁴, T Meier⁹, A Melissinos³⁷, G Mendell¹², R A Mercer⁶, S Meshkov¹, C J Messenger², D Meyers¹, H Miao¹⁴, J Miller^1,13, J Minelli³¹, S Mitra³², V P Mitrofanov¹⁷, G Mitselmakher⁶, R Mittleman¹⁵, O Miyakawa¹, B Moe³, S Mohanty³³, G Moreno¹², K Mossavi², C Mow-Lowry³⁴, G Mueller⁶, S Mukherjee³³, H Mukhopadhyay³², H Müller-Ebhardt², J Munch⁴⁰, P Murray¹³, E Myers¹², J Myers¹², T Nash¹, J Nelson¹³, G Newton¹³, A Nishizawa⁴³, K Numata²⁴, J O'Dell³⁸, G Ogin¹, B O'Reilly¹⁸, R O'Shaughnessy³¹, D J Ottaway¹⁵, R S Ottens⁶, H Overmier¹⁸, B J Owen³¹, Y Pan²², C Pankow⁶, M A Papa^3,10, V Parameshwaraiah¹², P Patel¹, M Pedraza¹, S Penn⁴⁹, A Perreca⁸, T Petrie³¹, I M Pinto²⁵, M Pitkin¹³, H J Pletsch², M V Plissi¹³, F Postiglione²⁹, M Principe²⁵, R Prix², V Quetschke⁶, F Raab¹², D S Rabeling³⁴, H Radkins¹², N Rainer², M Rakhmanov⁵⁰, M Ramsunder³¹, H Rehbein², S Reid¹³, D H Reitze⁶, R Riesen¹⁸, K Riles³⁰, B Rivera¹², N A Robertson^1,13, C Robinson²⁸, E L Robinson⁸, S Roddy¹⁸, A Rodriguez⁵, A M Rogan¹⁹, J Rollins⁷, J D Romano³³, J Romie¹⁸, R Route⁴, S Rowan¹³, A Rüdiger², L Ruet¹⁵, P Russell¹, K Ryan¹², S Sakata⁴³, M Samidi¹, L Sancho de la Jordana⁵¹, V Sandberg¹², V Sannibale¹, S Saraf⁵², P Sarin¹⁵, B S Sathyaprakash²⁸, S Sato⁴³, P R Saulson²¹, R Savage¹², P Savov²⁷, S W Schediwy¹⁴, R Schilling², R Schnabel², R Schofield²⁰, B F Schutz^10,28, P Schwinberg¹², S M Scott³⁴, A C Searle³⁴, B Sears¹, F Seifert², D Sellers¹⁸, A S Sengupta¹, P Shawhan²², D H Shoemaker¹⁵, A Sibley¹⁸, X Siemens³, D Sigg¹², S Sinha⁴, A M Sintes^10,51, B J J Slagmolen³⁴, J Slutsky⁵, J R Smith²¹, M R Smith¹, N D Smith¹⁵, K Somiya^2,10, B Sorazu¹³, L C Stein¹⁵, A Stochino¹, R Stone³³, K A Strain¹³, D M Strom²⁰, A Stuver¹⁸, T Z Summerscales⁵³, K-X Sun⁴, M Sung⁵, P J Sutton²⁸, H Takahashi¹⁰, D B Tanner⁶, R Taylor¹, R Taylor¹³, J Thacker¹⁸, K A Thorne³¹, K S Thorne²⁷, A Thüring⁹, K V Tokmakov¹³, C Torres¹⁸, C Torrie¹³, G Traylor¹⁸, M Trias⁵¹, W Tyler¹, D Ugolini⁵⁴, J Ulmen⁴, K Urbanek⁴, H Vahlbruch⁹, C Van Den Broeck²⁸, M van der Sluys⁴², S Vass¹, R Vaulin³, A Vecchio⁸, J Veitch⁸, P Veitch⁴⁰, A Villar¹, C Vorvick¹², S P Vyatchanin¹⁷, S J Waldman¹, L Wallace¹, H Ward¹³, R Ward¹, M Weinert², A Weinstein¹, R Weiss¹⁵, S Wen⁵, K Wette³⁴, J T Whelan¹⁰, S E Whitcomb¹, B F Whiting⁶, C Wilkinson¹², P A Willems¹, H R Williams³¹, L Williams⁶, B Willke^2,9, I Wilmut³⁸, W Winkler², C C Wipf¹⁵, A G Wiseman³, G Woan¹³, R Wooley¹⁸, J Worden¹², W Wu⁶, I Yakushin¹⁸, H Yamamoto¹, Z Yan¹⁴, S Yoshida⁵⁰, M Zanolin³⁹, J Zhang³⁰, L Zhang¹, C Zhao¹⁴, N Zotov⁵⁵, M Zucker¹⁵, J Zweizig¹ and (LIGO Scientific Collaboration)

Published 16 July 2009 • Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd
New Journal of Physics, Volume 11, July 2009 Citation B Abbott et al 2009 New J. Phys. 11 073032 DOI 10.1088/1367-2630/11/7/073032